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intro to neuro 1006 > structure of ns > Flashcards

structure of ns Flashcards

1
Q

label all the features of a neurone

A

soma, dendrites, nucleus, axon, node of ranview, schwann cell, myelin sheath, axon terminals

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2
Q

what are the four functional regions of the neuron and which are chemical and electrical signals

A

input, integrative, conductive - electrical signal
output - chemical signal

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3
Q

what functional region do local interneurons often lack

A

conductive component

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4
Q

draw a model, sensory, motor, local interneuron, projection interneuron, neuroendocrine cell

A

check slides w1

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5
Q

what are the classes of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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6
Q

what can neurons be classified by

A

morphology, major functional categories, physiology, neurotransmitter, gene expression profiles, location etx

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7
Q

what glial cells are found in the peripheral ns

A

satellite cells & schwann cells

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8
Q

what glial cells are found in the central ns

A

ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia

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9
Q

what do satellite cells do

A
  • surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
  • regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient & neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
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10
Q

what role do schwann cells do

A
  • surround axons in PNS
  • responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
  • participate in repair process after injury
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11
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A
  • myelinate CNS axons
  • provide structural framework
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12
Q

what do astrocytes do

A
  • maintain blood-brain barrier
  • provide structural support
    -regulate ion, nutrient & dissolved gas concs
  • absorb & recycle neurotransmitters
  • form scar tissue after injury
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13
Q

what do microglia do

A

remove cell debris, waste & pathogens via phagocytosis

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14
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A
  • line ventricles (brain) & central canal (spinal cord)
  • assist in producing, circulating & monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid
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15
Q

what are the four lobes in the brain & functions

A
  • FRONTAL (higher cognitive processing & motor planning)
  • PARIETAL (somatic sensation, location, manipulation of objects in visual space)
  • TEMPORAL (emotion,memory, object identity & auditory processing)
  • OCCIPITAL (vision)
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16
Q

what are the seven regions of the CNS divided into

A
  • spinal cord
  • brain stem (medulla oblangata, pons, midbrain)
  • cerebellum
  • diencephalon
    -cerebrum
17
Q

what does the spinal cord do

A

receives & processes sensory info from the skin, joints & muscles and control movements of the limbs & trunk

18
Q

what does the brain stem consist of and what do they do

A

MEDULLA OBLANGATA - includes centres for autonomic functions (e.g. digestion, breathing and heart rate)
PONS - conveys info about movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum
MIDBRAIN - controls sensory & motor functions, including eye movement & coordination of visual & auditory reflexes

19
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

modulates force & range of movement & learning motor skills

20
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of and what do they do

A

THALAMUS - processes most of the info reaching the cerebral cortex from rest of the CNS
HYPOTHALAMUS - regulates autonomic, endocrine & viseceral functions

21
Q

what does the cerebrum comprise of

A
  • comprises of 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • has a heavily wrinkled outer layer (cerebral cortex)
  • three deep lying structures (basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus)
22
Q

how many layers are present in the cerebral cortex?

A

6

23
Q

what does layer 1/ molecular layer of the cerebral cortex consist of and do

A
  • dendrites of cells located in deeper cells
  • axons which travels through this layer to make connections in other areas of the cortex
24
Q

what does layer 2/external granular cell layer of cerebral cortex contain?

A
  • small pyramidal neuron
  • small spherical neurons
24
Q

what does layer 3/ external pyramidal cell layer consist of

A
  • larger pyramidal neurons
24
Q

what layers in the cerebral cortex have axons of neurons that project locally to other neurons within same cortical layer & to other cortical areas (intracortical communication)

A

layer 2 & 3

25
Q

what does layer four/internal granular cell layer consist of and do

A
  • contains large number of small spherical neurons
  • main recipient of sensory input from thalamus
  • most prominent in primary sensory areas
26
Q

what does layer 5/ internal pyramidal cell layer contain and do

A
  • contain pyramidal neurons, larger than those in layer 3
  • they project to other cortical & subcortical areas & are major output pathway
27
Q

what does layer 6/ multiform layer contain and do

A
  • contains neurons heterogenous in shape
  • blends into white matter & carries axons to and from areas of the cortex
28
Q

how many functional areas did brodmann and others in early 20th century classify the human cerebral cortex & based on what

A

47 based on distinct nerve cell structures & orginisation of cell layers

intro to neuro 1006 (10 decks)

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