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A&P I Test 1 Albertson COPY > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Series of cyclical events occurring within a cell mitotically active cell that culminate in a cell division (Somatic cell division). Two events divided.

A

Interphase Mitosis

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2
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

DNA replication Protein synthesis Materials synthesized for later use during mitosis

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3
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Activities of chromosomes Events of cytokinesis may be indicators of mitotic stages, but not definitive for mitosis

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4
Q

What are considered G0 (non-dividing cell)

A

Nerves cells and most muscle cells Cells of hypertrophic tissues

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5
Q

What happens when both cells are produced at the end of mitosis?

A

One of the two products differentiates and one remains behind to participate in the next cell cycle (reservoir for future mitosis)

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6
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

Growth 1 (G1) S phase Growth 2 (G2)

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7
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Centrosome replication may begin Synthesis of -RNA -Regulatory proteins for DNA replication -Enzymes for carrying out synthetic activity Nucleoli re-establishment (if haven’t done so in telophase)

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8
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Synthesis of DNA (cell metabolically active) DNA is doubled Connected only by a centromere, two chromatids are lying side by side Centrosome replication

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9
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Cell is metabolically active -RNA and proteins essential to cell division are synthesized -Energy needed for mitosis is stored -Tubule not synthesized DNA made in previous S stage is checked for errors and then corrected Centrosome replication is completed

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10
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase Metaphase Interphase Anaphase Telophase

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11
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromatin fibers condense -Become thicker -Chromosomes comprising of two chromatids Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear Centrosome produce mitosis spindle with elongates and attaches to kinetochores Centrosome move to opposite poles lengthening microtubules

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12
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up independently along metaphase plane Has two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one longer and one shorter One set came from one parent and one set came from the other

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13
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromosomes separate and migrate in opposite directions -Formally a chromatid now chromosome Each new chromosome is part of new cell (produced by cytokinesis) -Cleavage furrow (component of cytokinesis) the start of the splitting into two cells Daughter cell has same genetic info as original mother cell

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14
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

-Terminal phase -Chromosomes have moved as far apart as they are going to -Mitosis spindles disappear -Chromosomes decondense -Cytokinesis occurs (splitting) -Nucleus/ nuclear envelope redevelop -Nucleoli reappear

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15
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A
  • Most common cell of connective tissue - Large, flat cells with branching process
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16
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Migrate throughout connective tissue to secrete and maintain matrix -Matrix = fibers (colleges, reticular fibers, elastic fibers) and ground substances (GAGs-gycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins)

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17
Q

Macrophages: Kupffer cells

A

Fixed: liver

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18
Q

Macrophages: langerhans cells

A

Fixed: primary skin and lymph nodes

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19
Q

Macrophages: Osteoclasts

A

Wondering: bone

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20
Q

Macrophages: Microglia cells

A

Wondering: central nervous system

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21
Q

Macrophages: Alveolar macrophage aka dust cell

A

Fixed: lungs

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22
Q

Macrophages: Monocytes

A

Wondering: blood

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23
Q

Plasma cell characteristics

A

-Relatively small with eccentric nucleus -From B lymphocytes -Secrete antibody -Reside in connective tissue (GI and respiratory tracts) -Accumulate in infected connective tissue

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24
Q

Mast cell characteristics

A

-Large, Granulated -Alongside blood vessels of connective tissue -Can be phagocytic

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25
Q

What are the primary mediators of the granules?

A

-Heparin -Histamines (dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response, which is the body’s reaction to injury or infection) -Proteases -Aryl sulfatases -ECF and NCF (Eosinophil chemotactic factor & Neutrophil chemotactic factor)

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26
Q

Secondary mediators of the granules?

A

-Leukotrienes -Thromboxanes -Prostaglandins -Cytokines

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27
Q

Adipose cell characteristics

A

-Large, spherical -Signet ring shaped -Filler -Vacuole of fat

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28
Q

Function of adipose cells

A

Synthesizes and stores lipid

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29
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes

A

-AKA white blood cells -Not found in substantial numbers in normal connective tissue

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30
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

-Lymphocytes -Monocytes -Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils

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31
Q

The gallbladder is where?

A

Right Upper Quadrant

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32
Q

The liver is where?

A

Both upper quadrants

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33
Q

The duodenum is where?

A

Right upper quadrant

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34
Q

The stomach is where?

A

Left Upper Quadrant

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35
Q

The pyloric is where?

A

Right Upper Quadrant

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36
Q

The pancreas is where?

A

Head is in right upper quadrant, body and tail in the left upper quadrant

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37
Q

The spleen is where?

A

Left Upper Quadrant

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38
Q

The jejunum and the ileum is where?

A

All four Quadrants

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39
Q

The appendix and inferior portion of the ascending colon is where?

A

Right Lower Quadrant

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40
Q

The superior portion of the ascending colon is where?

A

Right Upper Quadrants

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41
Q

The transverse colon is where?

A

Spans both upper quadrants

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42
Q

The defending colon is where?

A

Spans both left quadrants

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43
Q

The kidneys are where?

A

Upper right and left quadrants

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44
Q

The carrier of genetic information

A

Chromosome

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45
Q

Copying of specific sequence of DNA to produce corresponding sequence of RNA (mRNA) and occurs in nucleus

A

Transcription

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46
Q

Assembly of new protein molecule using it amino acid building blocks as specified by the RNA (mRNA), occurs in cytoplasm, and accomplished by ribosomes, may be free or affixed to RER

A

Translation

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47
Q

What is the difference between a chromosome and chromatin?

A

DNA exists in chromatin form in nucleus Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division Types of chromatin -Heterochromatin: inactive, condensed -Euchromatin: active, invisible under light microscopy

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48
Q

What problems can happen with chromosomes?

A

Nondisjunction (not coming apart) failure to separate properly during cell division - Meiosis I: failed separation of homologous chromosomes - Meiosis II: failed sister chromatids to separate Results in abnormal chromosome number -Loss gain of single chromosome = monosomy -Gain of single chromosome = trisomy

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49
Q

Chromosome abnormalities?

A
  • Down syndrome - Turner syndrome - Klinefelter syndrome - Triple-X syndrome
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50
Q

Down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21 - Extra Chromosome is present on the 21st chromosome

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51
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY -Has an extra normal X chromosomes with an extra Y chromosome

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52
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

XO - Only one X chromosome is present

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53
Q

What happens in the ABO blood group system?

A

Different alleles convert ( or do not convert) the H antigen into its respective ABO antigen - IA coverts H antigen into antigen A - IB converts H antigen into B - IO does not convert H antigen, it remains H antigen

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54
Q

What is the universal donor but can not safely receive normal O- group blood because they produce anti-H antibodies?

A

Bombay Phenotype (O negative)

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55
Q

What is the difference between geno vs pheno

A

Genotype Phenotype IO IO Type O IA IA or IA IO Type A IB IB or IB IO Type B IA IB Type AB

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56
Q

Decrease in size of cells with consequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ

A

Atrophy

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57
Q

Increase in size of a tissue due to enlargement of cells without cell division (cells are in G0)

A

Hypertrophy

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58
Q

Components of the generalized feedback system

A

Receptor Control center Effector

59
Q

Maintain homeostasis by setting process in place hat reverse that original stimulus and most common

A

Negative feedback system

60
Q

Positive feedback system

A
  • Strengthens or reinforces a change in condition controlled by the feedback system - Action continues until interrupted by some mechanism outside the system - Sometimes may not be actions that seem to be directly attributable to maintaining homeostasis
61
Q

Any abnormality of structure or function

A

Disorder

62
Q

More specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms

A

Disease

63
Q

Fluid within the body cells

A

ICF

64
Q

Fluid outside the cells and where they located

A

ECF -Blood plasma: ECF with blood vessels -Lymph: ECF within lymphatic vessels -Cerebrospinal fluid: EFC in and around the brain and spinal cord -Synovial fluid: ECF in joints -Aqueous humor and vitreous body: ECF with eyes

65
Q

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

A

Catabolism

66
Q

The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

A

Anabolism

67
Q

Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

68
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of solvent (water) though semipermeable membrane

69
Q

The applies pressure used to offset the new movement of water (back to original)

A

Osmotic pressure

70
Q

Application of pressure to force water through membrane

A

Reverse osmosis

71
Q

What does osmosis require?

A

Semi permeable membrane One osmotically active solute i.e. One that is higher concentration on one side and cant pass through the membrane

72
Q

The measure of the solutions ability to change a cells water content by induction of osmosis

A

Tonicity

73
Q

Real concentration of osmotically active solute

A

Isotonic

74
Q

Lower concentration than the cell, less able than cell to influence water movement, so water moves into cell

A

Hypotonic solution

75
Q

Higher concentration, more influence than cell, water moves out of cell

A

Hypertonic solution

76
Q

Types of diffusion

A

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

77
Q

Nonpolar and lipid soluble substances move into and out of the cell through plamalemma

A

Simple diffusion

78
Q

What substances move during simple diffusion

A
  • Oxygen - Carbon dioxide - Fats - Alcohol - Fat-soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
79
Q

What substances move during facilitated diffusion

A
  • Glucose (too large) - Fructose - Galactose - Some vitamins
80
Q

Cells that are too polar to diffuse through the lipid bilayer or are too large to pass though membrane pores

A

Facilitated diffusion

81
Q

Movement requires expenditure of energy by the cell and two types

A

Active Transport - Primary Active Transport - Secondary Active Transport

82
Q

Energy gained from hydrolysis of ATP and what happens

A

Primary active transport - changes the shape of transporter protein and pulls it across plasma membrane against concentration gradient

83
Q

Move two substances in the same direction

A

Symporters

84
Q

Move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane

A

Antiporters

85
Q

What pump does active transport use?

A

Sodium- potassium pump - maintain concentration gradient of high K+ and low NA+ inside the cell

86
Q

What happens during secondary active transport

A

The energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient - Established by primary but secondary indirectly uses energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP

87
Q

Is also considered bulk transport

A

Vesicular transport

88
Q

Types of vesicular transport

A

Endocytosis - Receptor mediated endocytosis - Phagocytosis - Pinocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis

89
Q

Highly selective type of endocytosis and what materials does it move?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis - Cholesterol in low density lipoproteins - Transferrin - Some vitamins - Antibodies - Some hormones

90
Q

Form of endocytosis that cell engulfs large solid particles

A

Phagocytosis

91
Q

Bulk- have endocytosis, means cell drinking “sip” and what does it engulf

A

Pinocytosis - most body cells engage in this Engulfs - proteins - lipids Even less selective then phagocytosis

92
Q

Intracellular vesicles moved to plasma membrane and where is it important

A

Exocytosis Well-developed and important in -Secretory cells that produce substances such as digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus -Nerve cells, release neurotransmitters

93
Q

Active process and goes through endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Transcytosis

94
Q

Transmembrane proteins that fuse to outer surface of adjacent plasma membranes forms water-tight seal between adjacent epithelial cells by sealing off passageways between adjacent cells and their location

A

Tight Junctions - Urinary - Bladder - Stomach - Intestines

95
Q

Have plaque and microfilaments that extend from the plaque into cytosol

A

Adherens junction

96
Q

Have plaque and cadherins with intermediate filaments instead of microfilaments

A

Desmosomes

97
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins called ingrains replace cadherins of desmosomes and attach to protein laminin in the basement membrane and anchors epithelial cell to basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

98
Q

Transmembrane proteins called connections form channels (Connexins) and transfers nutrients, cell signals and wastes and where is it located and used?

A

Gap junction - Conducting AP in heart - Embryonic development - Vascular tissue, lens and cornea of eye

99
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location and function

A

Location -Endothelium Cavities of heart Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels - Bowman’s capsule; kidney - Thin segment of loop of Henle; kidney - Alveoli Function - Transport - Diffusion

100
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Location - Tubules; kidney - Covering ovary - Ducts Function - Secretion - Transport - Absorption

101
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Location - Lining GI tract - Lining uterus - Lining oviduct Functions - Protection - Lubrication - Absorption - Secretion

102
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Locations - Mouth - Esophagus - Vagina Function - Protection from abrasion

103
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Locations - Skin - Gingiva - Hard palate Function - Abrasion - Desiccation - UV

104
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Location - Ducts of adult sweat glands - Esophageal glands

105
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Location - Part of urethra - Esophageal glands - Part of conjunctiva of the eye

106
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Location - Respiratory tract Functions - Protection - Secretion

107
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Location - Urinary system Function - Structure permits stretching

108
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Unicellular or multicellular Secrete into - Ducts - Surface - Blood

109
Q

Secrete to surface lumen

A

Exocrine - sweat, oil, mucus, enzymes

110
Q

Secrete to extracellular space

A

Endocrine - Hormones

111
Q

Multicellular EXOCRINE glands

A

Holocrine: sebaceous (oil) glands Merocrine: most exocrine glands Apocrine: mammary glands

112
Q

Proteins will be exported from cell by exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles

113
Q

Connect, support, fill spaces

A

Connective tissue

114
Q

Generate forces that provide for movement

A

Muscle

115
Q

Cell-to-cell communication

A

Nervous

116
Q

Polysaccharides in ground substance

A
  • Hyaluronic acid (Associated with protein called proteoglycans) - Chondroitin sulfate - Dermatan sulfate - Keratan sulfate Collectively referred to as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
117
Q

Collagen fibers type I

A
  • CT proper - Bones - Dentin - Tendon - Joint capsules - Dermis
118
Q

Collagen fibers type II

A
  • Hyaline cartilage - Elastic cartilage
119
Q

Collagen fibers type III

A

Reticular fibers - wound healing

120
Q

Collagen fibers type IV

A

Basal laminate

121
Q

Collagen fibers type V

A

-Muscle (assoc. w type I) - Placenta

122
Q

Collagen fibers type VII

A

Attaches basal lamina to lamina reticularis

123
Q

Embryonic connective tissue contains what?

A

Mesenchyme -Located along developing bones of embryo and under skin Mucous connective tissue - Found in umbilical cord of fetus

124
Q

Mature connective tissue contains what?

A
  • Loose connective tissue - Dense connective tissue - Cartilage - Bone tissue - Liquid connective tissue
125
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar connective tissue - usual types of connective tissue; fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, white blood cells Adipose tissue - Major energy reserve, as well as protecting various organs Reticular connective tissue - Located in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, smooth muscle, some fat tissue, islets of langerhans

126
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular CT - Pull in one direction; tendons, aponeuroses (dense tissue), and most ligaments Dense irregular CT - Pull in various directions; dermis of skin, pericardium, heart valves, perichondrium, periosteum, sheath of nerves, kidney, lymph nodes Elastic connective tissue - Fibroblasts present between fibers and located in large blood vessels and lung tissue

127
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage - Fibrocartilage - Elastic cartilage
128
Q

Types of liquid connective tissue

A
  • Blood tissue - Lymph
129
Q

Types of bone (osseous tissue)

A
  • Compact bone - Spongy bone
130
Q

Three membranes and what are they comprised of

A

Epithelial tissue layer plus an underlying connective tissue layer comprise an epithelial membrane - Mucous membranes - Serous membranes - Cutaneous membrane (the skin) Synovial membranes line joints but contain CT but no epithelium

131
Q

Mucus membranes location and function

A

Location - digestive tract - respiratory tact - reproductive tracts - much of the urinary tract Function - body’s defense mechanism

132
Q

Serous membranes location

A

Location - line body cavity that does not open directly to exterior Areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

133
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers and varying number of adipocytes

134
Q

The genetic makeup of an organism or virus, typically with regard to one or a few genes of interest

A

Genotype

135
Q

The observable properties or traits of a cell or organism, these result from the interaction of the genotype and the environment

A

Phenotype

136
Q

Function of meiosis

A

Produce gametes (meiosis does not produce gametes, but rather products which then develop into gametes) - egg - sperm

137
Q

Replicated chromosomes

A

DNA replicates prior to meiosis Each consist of two chromatids lying side-by side, connected at centromere

138
Q

Chromatids of homologous chromosomes form chiasmata wherein matching regions break and then reconnect to other chromosome

A

Prophase I

139
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate

A

Anaphase I

140
Q

Chromatids of a given chromosome separate from each other Resembles mitotic anaphase

A

Anaphase II

141
Q

Chromosomes complete migration

A

Telophase II

142
Q

A

Ion channel (integral)

143
Q
A

A&P I Test 1 Albertson COPY (1 decks)

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