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Human Physiology > Summer Exam > Flashcards

Summer Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Oxygen utilisation and carbon dioxide production by the tissues in mitochondria

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

Mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

Random movement of molecules from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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4
Q

Alveolus

A

Site of gas exchange

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5
Q

Conducting zone

A

Trachea, bronchioles

Humidifies, warms and filters air

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6
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles and down

Exchange of gas

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7
Q

External ventilation

A

Exchange of gas between alveoli and blood

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8
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue to supply cellular respiration

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9
Q

Boyles law

A

Pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container at constant temperature

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10
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

760mmHg

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11
Q

Intrapulmonic pressure in inhalation

A

758mmHg

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12
Q

Intra pulmonic pressure during exhalation

A

763mmHg

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13
Q

Intrapulmonic pressure means

A

Alveolar pressure

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14
Q

Inhalation is

A

Active contraction of diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles

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15
Q

Exhalation is

A

Based on elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs

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16
Q

Ve

A

The amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per minut

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17
Q

Vt

A

Tidal volume

The amount of air moved per breath

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18
Q

F

A

Breathing frequency

The number of breaths per minute

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19
Q

Va

A

Alveolar ventilation

Volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone

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20
Q

Vd

A

Dead space ventilation

Volume of air remaining in conducting airways

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21
Q

Airflow equation

A

P1 - P2 / (resistance)

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22
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory reserve capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily exhaled

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23
Q

FRV

A

Functional residual capacity

The volume left in the lungs at the end of a normal breath which is not normally part of the subdivisions

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24
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

The mechanical process of breathing

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25
Q

IC

A

Inspiration capacity

The maximum volume that can be inhaled

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26
Q

Tidal volume

A

TV

The volume of air moved per breath

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27
Q

TLC

A

Total lung capacity

The entire volume of the lung (about 5L)

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28
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume that can be inhaled and exhaled

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29
Q

Brain respiratory centre is made up of

A

Pneumotaxic area, apneustic area and rhythmicity area

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30
Q

Brain respiratory centre is found in

A

The medulla oblongata and pons

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31
Q

Rhythmicity area

A

Controls the basic rhythm of ventilation

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32
Q

Pneumotaxic area

A

Assists to set the rhythm of breathing

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33
Q

Pneumotaxic area is located in

A

The superior pons

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34
Q

Apneustic area

A

Slows breathing rate by prolonging inspiration

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35
Q

Duration of inspiration

A

2s

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36
Q

Duration of expiration

A

3s

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37
Q

Carotid bodies respond to

A

A fall in arterial pH

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38
Q

Hering Breuer reflex

A

Respiratory stretch receptors activated by over inflation of the lungs

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39
Q

Muscle afferents

A

Sensory fibers

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40
Q

Dalton’s law

A

The mixtures total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture

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41
Q

Partial pressure equation

A

= %concentration x total pressure of mixture

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42
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen

A

159mmHg

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43
Q

CO2 partial pressure

A

0.3mmHg

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44
Q

Nitrogen partial pressure

A

600.7 mmHg

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45
Q

Henry’s law

A

When a mixture of gas is in contact with a liquid, each gas dissolved in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility until equilibrium is achieved and partial pressure is equal in both locations

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46
Q

Solubility

A

Constant

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47
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

The rate of gas transfer (Vgas) is proportional to tissue area, diffusion coefficient of the gas, difference in PP and inversely proportional to the thickness of the barrier

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48
Q

Ficks law equation

A

Vgas = A/T x D x (P1-P2)

A= area 
T= tissue thickness
D= diffusion coefficient
P1-P2= difference in partial pressure
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49
Q

Thickness of alveoli

A

0.3um

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50
Q

Capillary diameter

A

7-10um

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51
Q

Calculating blood O2 content

A

([Hb] x 1.34 x 0.97) + (PO2 x 0.003)

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52
Q

The 4 effectors of the Bohr effect

A

Acidosis, PCO2, temperature and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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53
Q

Myoglobin shuttles oxygen from

A

Cell membrane to mitochondria

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54
Q

Final oxygen destination

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

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55
Q

RBCs stimulate vasodilation by secreting

A

ATP and NO

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56
Q

Co2 is how much more soluble than oxygen

A

27 x

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57
Q

Carbonic anhydrase forms

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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58
Q

Increasing oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

A

Endurance training, blood doping, EPO injections

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59
Q

Decreasing oxygen carrying capacity of the bloody

A

Hypobolic environment and anaemia

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60
Q

HR

A

Heart rate

Frequency of heart beats per minute

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61
Q

Bradycardia

A

HR below 60

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62
Q

Tachycardia

A

HR above 100 bmp

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63
Q

End diastolic volume

A

EDV

Volume of blood in ventricle just before contraction

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64
Q

End systolic volume

A

ESV

Volume of blood in ventricle just after contaction

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65
Q

Ejection fraction

A

EF
Proportion of blood pumper out of the left ventricle with each beat
EF= SV/EDV

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66
Q

Cardiac output

A

Q

Total volume of blood through the heart per minute

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67
Q

Q=

A

HR x SV

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68
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

sBP
Force that exerts against arterial wall during ventricular systole
Higher one
Norm is 120

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69
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

DBP
Lower one when heart relaxes
80

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70
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart, arteries, capillaries, vein and venues

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71
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heart beat (systole to systole)

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72
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase

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73
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase

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74
Q

Lubb sound of heart

A

Av valves closing

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75
Q

Dub of heart sound

A

Semilunar valves closing

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76
Q

Ecg waves

A

P
QRS
T

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77
Q

P wave

A

Depolarisation of atria

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78
Q

QRS wave

A

Depolarisation of ventricles

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79
Q

T wave

A

Repolarisation of the ventricular fibres

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80
Q

Mean arterial pressure (map)

A

Average force exerted by blood against arterial walls during the cardiac cycle

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81
Q

Rate pressure product (RPP)

A

An estimate of myocardial workload and resulting oxygen consumption

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82
Q

Blood flow =

A

Vessel length x viscosity

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83
Q

Cv centre

A

Cardiovascular centre in medulla

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84
Q

Autonomic nervous system is split into

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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85
Q

Sympathetic component

A

Acceleration

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86
Q

Parasympathetic component

A

Deceleration.

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87
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Stretch receptors in aortic arch and carotid arteries that relay pressure changes

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88
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical receptors

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89
Q

Mechano/ priorioreceptors

A

Sense changes in muscle length and tension

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90
Q

Metaboreceptors

A

Group III and IV muscle afferents that sense changes in skeletal muscle metabolites

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91
Q

Cardiac accelerator nerves

A

Sympathetic to SA and AV nodes to increase HR

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92
Q

Vagus nerves

A

Parasympathetic to SA and AV to decrease HR

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93
Q

Parasympathetic neurones release

A

Acetyl choline from cholinergic fibres

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94
Q

Sympathetic nervous system neurones release

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine through adrenergic fibers

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95
Q

Positive chronotropic effect

A

Increased heart rate

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96
Q

Inotropic effect

A

Increased contraction force

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97
Q

Heart rate increase involves

A

Withdrawl of the PSN and then further increase of the SNS

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98
Q

Smooth muscle in blood vessels promotes vasodilation via releasing

A

Nitric oxide, prostaglandins, endothelium derived hyperplarising factors

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99
Q

Organelle

A

Specialised subunit within a cell that has a specific function

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100
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of membrane lipids and steroid production

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101
Q

A site of a ribosome

A

Receives tRNA

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102
Q

P site of ribosome

A

Receives peptide bound tRNA

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103
Q

ATP dependent ubiquitin proteasome

A

Breaks down tagged proteins

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104
Q

Hypertonic

A

Greater conc of solute than fluid

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105
Q

Isotonic

A

Fluid and solute conc are equal

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106
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower conc of solute than solvent

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107
Q

Symport

A

Transported ion and co transport molecule move in the same direction

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108
Q

Anti port

A

Transported ion move one at and the co transport molecule moves the other

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109
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

Example of exocytosis

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110
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Create collagen

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111
Q

Skeletal myocytes

A

Contractile proteins

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112
Q

Pancreatic beta cells

A

Insulin

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113
Q

Signalling molecule can also be called

A

Ligands

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114
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

A series of molecules steps of a signal process

115
Q

Protein kinase

A

Covalently adds a phosphate

116
Q

Protein Phosphatase

A

Removed Pi

117
Q

RTK

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

118
Q

Phosphate is added at

A

Serine, threonine or at tyrosine residues

119
Q

Protein kinase A activated by

A

Cyclic amp

120
Q

Calmodulin activated by

A

Ca++

121
Q

To retain a protein in the cytosol

A

14-3-3 protein bound to phosphorylated serine

122
Q

Net muscle protein balance

A

MPS (muscle protein synthesis) - MPB (muscle protein breakdown)

123
Q

Protein turnover

A

The balance between MPS and MPB

124
Q

TBW

A

Total body water

Fluid that occupies intra and extra cellular spaces

125
Q

ICFV intra cellular fluid volume

A

Fluid in tissue cells

126
Q

Extra cellular fluid volume

ECFV

A

All fluid outside of cells

127
Q

Plasma volume

A

liquid portion of blood

128
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute conc in order to equalise the solute conc

129
Q

Euhydration

A

Normal body water level

285-290 mOsmol.kg-1

130
Q

Dehydration

A

The process of losing body water

131
Q

Hypohydration

A

State of reduced body water level

>700 mOsmol.kg-1

132
Q

Hyper hydration

A

State of elevated body water level

133
Q

4 general functions of electrolytes

A

Control osmosis, acid base balance, electrical current and serve as cofactors

134
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone

135
Q

Anti diuretic hormone is

A

Released from the posterior pituitary and promotes water retention

136
Q

Aldosterone is

A

A mineralalcorticoid hormone released from the adrenal cortex that promos the renal reabsorption of sodium

137
Q

Dehydration % =

A

Mass loss/ pre mass x 100

138
Q

Sweat loss =

A

Change in mass + fluid intake - urine

139
Q

Sweat rate =

A

Sweat loss/ time

140
Q

Frank starling mechanism

A

Greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction due to stretch of ventricles

141
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

HR drifts up, dehydration causes shunting and venous return and SV decrease

142
Q

Metabolic consequences of dehydration

A

Decreases vo2, increased lactic acid, increased muscle glycogen utilisation

143
Q

Pre exercise fluid consumption

A

500ml

144
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Too much water

145
Q

Homeotherms

A

Constant and regulated internal temperature

146
Q

Endo therms

A

Generate heat internally

147
Q

Resting body temp

A

36.4-37.4

148
Q

Hypothermia

A

Core temp below 35

149
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Core temp above 38

150
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Body temp regulating centre in the brain

151
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temp of a given substance by 1 degree

152
Q

Specific heat capacity of water

A

4.186

153
Q

Specific heat capacity of the human body

A

3.48

154
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Metabolic pathways

155
Q

Endothermic reactions

A

Resynthesis of ATP

156
Q

Hormones causing heat production

A

Thyroxine and catechilamines

157
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat from the body to an object via direct contact

158
Q

Convection

A

Conduction of heat to or from air or water

159
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of heat in the form of electomagnetic waves

160
Q

Sweat evaporation

A

1g of sweat evaporating causing loss of 2.41kJ

161
Q

Central fatigue

A

Brain stops sending out impulses to contract muscles

162
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

Cardiovascular systems inability to meet body’s needs

163
Q

Heat stroke

A

Failure of body’s thermoregulatory system

164
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively constant chemical/physical conditions of the internal environment

165
Q

Cardio protection

A

Physiological hypoxia- defence mechanisms and metabolic remodelling

166
Q

Cardiac damage

A

Pathophysiological hypoxia- defence system surpassed and maladaptive signalling

167
Q

Milieu intieur

A

The instant environment remains relatively constant though there are changes. In the external environment

168
Q

Endocrine system

A

Collection of glands that secret hormones into circulation to be carried to distant organs

169
Q

Nervous system

A

Short term, specific response to environment via neurotransmitters

170
Q

Endocrine system

A

Long to ongoing metabolic processes

171
Q

Endocrine hormones

A

A hormone transported in the blood to a distant site of actin

172
Q

Autocrine

A

Hormone acts directly back on the cell that produces it

173
Q

Paracrine hormone

A

Hormone acts directly on a near by cell.

174
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Hormone intra cellular communication between connecting cells

175
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Change in blood composition

176
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Arrival or removal of a specific hormone

177
Q

Signal transduction

A

The process by which extra cellular signals are communicate into a. Cell to affect function

178
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble and circulate bound to a carrier

E.g sex hormones

179
Q

Non steroid hormones

A

Water soluble and often produces a secondary messenger

180
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

181
Q

Arafhidonic acid derivatives

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

182
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Made of antior and posterior lobes and controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

183
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes

A

Fsh, ch and tsh

184
Q

Posterior pituitary lobe secretes

A

Adh and oxytocin

185
Q

Oxytocin

A

Responsible for uterus contraction and milk productin

186
Q

Pineal gland produces

A

Melatonin

187
Q

Melatonin

A

Modulates sleep

188
Q

Thyroid gland secretes

A

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

189
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

4 glands posterior to the thyroid productin PTH (parathyroid hormone)

190
Q

Pancrease

A

Located in folds of duodenum has endocrine and exocrine functions

191
Q

Exocrine cells of the pancreas

A

Alpha, beta, delta and f cells

192
Q

Alpha pancreatic cells produce

A

Glucagon

193
Q

Beta pancreatic cells produce

A

Insulin

194
Q

Delta. Pancreatic cells produce

A

Gastrin

195
Q

Pancreatic f cells produce

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

196
Q

2 portions of the adrenal gland

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla.

197
Q

Outer cortex of the adrenal gland produces

A

Glucocorticoids and mineralalcorticoid so

198
Q

Inner adrenal medulla produces

A

Catecholamines

199
Q

Acromegaly

A

Gigantism

200
Q

Glucagon

A

Causes glycogenolysis in the liver

201
Q

Glucogenolysis

A

In liver glycogen to glucose

202
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Aa and lactic acid to glucose

203
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose to glycogen

204
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Fatty acids to Ketones

205
Q

Lipolysis

A

Triglycerides to glycerol and FA

206
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Glucose and aa to lipids

207
Q

Glut4

A

Principle glucose transporter

208
Q

Alpha receptors stimulated by

A

nE and E

209
Q

Beta receptors stimulates by

A

E

210
Q

E

A

Epinephrine

211
Q

NE

A

Norepinephrine

212
Q

NEFA

A

Non esterified fatty acids

213
Q

LPL

A

Lipoprotein lipase

214
Q

HSL

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

215
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Results from body’s failure to produce insulin

216
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin resistance

Older

217
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

218
Q

Efferent

A

Motor.

219
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support neurones

220
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Receptor to CNS

221
Q

Somatic motor neurone

A

CNS to skeletal muscles

222
Q

Autonomic motor neurones

A

CNS to smooth muscle

223
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

224
Q

Depolarisation

A

Na in

225
Q

Repolarisation

A

K out

226
Q

A fibers

A

Largest myelinated somatic sensory
5-19um
130 Ms

227
Q

B fibers

A

2-3 um
15 Ms
Myelinated visceral

228
Q

C fibers

A

0.5-1.5 um
2 Ms
Unmediated sensory

229
Q

Synaptic delay

A

0.5msec

230
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

231
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

Gamma amino butyric acid

232
Q

Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

233
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Depolarisation via opening of ligand gated na channels

234
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

Causes post synaptic cell to. Become more negative

235
Q

Summation

A

Integrating multiple inputs

236
Q

Spatial summation

A

Summation of neurotransmitters released from several bulbs

237
Q

Temporal summation

A

Summation of effect of neurotransmitter from 2 or more firings of the same end of a bulb

238
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Unable to respond to another stimulus

239
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Can respond but the stimulus must be substantially greater to evoke an action potential w

240
Q

Z disc

A

Narrow region of dense material that separate one Sarcomere from the next

241
Q

A band

A

Middle of. A Sarcomere that extends the entire. Length of the thick filaments and part of. The thin filaments

242
Q

I band

A

The. Lighter less dense area of th Sarcomere that contains. Thin and no thick filaments

243
Q

H zone

A

A. Narrow region in the centre of. Each a band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments

244
Q

M line

A

A region. In the centre of. The. H zone that contains. Proteins that hold the thick filaments together

245
Q

Contractile proteins.

A

Actin and myosin

246
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

247
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

248
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments.

249
Q

4 steps of the contractile cycle

A

ATP hydrolysis
Formation of. Crows bridges
Power stroke
Detachment of myosin

250
Q

Latent period

A

Brief delay between stimulus and muscle contraction

251
Q

Contraction period

A

Ca binds. And. Cross bridge forms

252
Q

Relaxation period

A

Ca moves into sr and. Myosin detaches

253
Q

Refractory period

A

When a. Muscle fibre contracts and cannot response to another action. Oeriod

254
Q

Motor unit

A

An alpha Motor neurone and the Muscle fibers innervated by it

255
Q

Type I

A

Slow twitch

256
Q

Type IIa

A

Fatigue resistant

257
Q

Type IIx

A

Fast twitch

258
Q

Isometric

A

No change in muscle length

259
Q

Isotonic

A

Fixed resistance and variable. Speed

260
Q

Isokinetic

A

Exercise within accommodating resistance and a fixed speed

261
Q

Concentric

A

Development of muscle tension while origin and. Insertion approach each other

262
Q

Eccentric

A

Development of muscle tension while origin and insertion move way from each other

263
Q

MUPT

A

Motor unit action. Potential train

264
Q

Mwave

A

Compound muscle action potential

265
Q

Electrical stimulation taken at

A

Tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion
Medial nerve wrist

266
Q

Osmole

A

A unit of measurement that defines the numb of moles of ions that contribute to a. Solutions osmotic pressure

267
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of. Water across a semipermeable membrane

268
Q

Osmolarity

A

The number of is miles of solution per litre of solution

269
Q

Osmolality

A

A measure of th is moles of solute per kg. of solvent

270
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

A form of osmotic pressure extend by proteins in a blood vessels plasma

271
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity

272
Q

Intrinsic heart rhythm

A

100bpm

273
Q

A sustained muscle contraction

A

Tetanus

274
Q

Main muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

275
Q

Part of the brain that controls basic rhythm of breathing

A

Rhythmicity area

276
Q

Iron molecules in myoglobin

A

1

277
Q

Ion that moves into RBCs as bicarbonate is released

A

CL

278
Q

Most prevalent electrolyte in extra cellular fluid

A

sodium

279
Q

What causes hyponatremia

A

Loss of sodium in blood

280
Q

Main form of heat loss at room temp

A

Radiation

281
Q

Prostaglandins effect

A

Anti inflammatory

282
Q

Aldosterone release leads to

A

Na retention and water retetikns

283
Q

During contractin of a skeletal muscle fiber the band that shortens is the

A

I band

Human Physiology (1 decks)

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