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summer semester pt care > summer semester pt care > Flashcards

summer semester pt care Flashcards

1
Q

medical asepsis

A

reduction in numbers of infectious agents which decrease probability of infeccion but not necessarily to zero (removal or destruction of infected material)

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2
Q

velcro straps are used for

A

restraining, positioning, saftey precaution, compression

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3
Q

lumen

A

cavity or channel within tube or tubular organ

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4
Q

purpose of surgical hand scrubbing

A
  1. remove debris and microogranisms from hands, nails, and forearms
  2. reduce resident microbial cout to minimum
  3. inhibit rapid rebound
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5
Q

nosocomial

A

originating in a hospital

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6
Q

infection

A

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissure that may be clinically inapparent or may result in local cellular injury as a resulf of competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen antibody response

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7
Q

flora

A

microbial community found on or in a healthy person

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8
Q

3 qualities important in establishing an open dialogue

A

respect genuineness empathy

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9
Q

purulent

A

containing pus

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10
Q

pneumothorax

A

accumulation of air or gas in the plural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a resulf of trauma or a pathologic process or which may be introduced deliverately

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11
Q

lymohangiogram

A

radiographic visualization of a part of lymphatic system needle or catheter is inserted into lymphatic channel in either foor or arm and contrast media is injected into body

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12
Q

foley catherter

A

indwelling catherter retained in the bladder by a balloon inflated with air or fluid

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13
Q

subungual

A

beneath a finger nail or toenail

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14
Q

central venous pressure (CVP)

A

pressure of blood in thoracic vena cava, near right atrium of heart. reflects amount of blood returning to heart and ability of heart to pump blood into arterial system

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15
Q

atelectasis

A

medical condition in which the lungs are not fully inflated

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16
Q

ansculatation

A

listening to internal sounds f the body usually using stethescope

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17
Q

angiography

A

radiographic procedure used to visualize blood vessels after introduction of contrast material

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18
Q

surgical asepsis

A

protection against infections before, during, and after surgery using sterile technique

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19
Q

examples of intravenous catheters

A

hickman, boviac, intracath, swan-ganz

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20
Q

2 types of catheters

A

foley catheter (retention balloon) straight type catheter

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21
Q

sterile corridor

A

area between pt drape and instrument table

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22
Q

3 approaches for maintaingin sterile field with c-arm

A

snap cover, shower curtain, drape site

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23
Q

suggestions for reducing contaminates with neonates

A

hand wash before and after pts. wipe down machine before and after use cover lead with pillow

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24
Q

how long is required to properly wash hands

A

7 to 8 min

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25
Q

personal protective equipment when applying standered precautions

A

gloves, gowns, masks, eyeware, facemask

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26
Q

how droplet precautions patients spread their disease

A

through contact with mouth or nasal mucosa

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27
Q

droplet precaution disease disseminate through

A

large particle droplets

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28
Q

how far do droplets travel before dropping to floor

A

3 feet

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29
Q

purpose of chest tube

A

removes fluid, blood, and air from pleural cavity

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30
Q

chest tube assist with

A

reinflating collapsed lungs and alleviating pneumothorax

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31
Q

why CXR’S are done after chest tube placement

A

to check for proper placement

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32
Q

what must you remember about exterior assembly of chest tubes when moving patients

A

keep lower than patients chest

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33
Q

what is done to keep foley cath in place

A

balloon on end is filled with sterile water

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34
Q

indwelling catherter

A

any cath that remains in place

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35
Q

urine cath when moving patient

A

keep lower than bladder

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36
Q

supra pubic catherter

A

closed drainage system inserted 1” above symohysis pubis for long term use

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37
Q

condom catheter

A

condom with catherter at end attached to collection bag

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38
Q

reasons a patient would have intravenous line

A

introduction of medication, fluids, and measurment of central venous pressure

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39
Q

pacemaker

A

electromechanical device inserted under patient skin to regulate heart rate

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40
Q

radiographer assists with pacemaker placement

A

operating c-arm allowing physician to place guide wires

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41
Q

myelography

A

x-ray examination of spinal canal, contrast is injected in space around spinal cord

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42
Q

voiding cystourethrogram

A

radiographic procedure obtained by use of fluoroscopy and a contrast agent introduced through a cathter in the bladder

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43
Q

arthrography

A

examination of a joint using x-rays after the injection of oaque contrast material

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44
Q

lithotomy position

A

gyno-position

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45
Q

aseptic

A

descries product on method that s free of microbial organisms

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46
Q

c-arm

A

image intensifier complex piece of equipment that uses x-rays and produces a live image feed that is displayed on tv screen

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47
Q

microorganisms

A

microorganisms, those of medical interest include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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48
Q

remnant radiation

A

creates chemical changes with in receptor that are visible

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49
Q

primary radiation

A

x-rays as they leave that tube

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50
Q

leading questions

A

undesirable method of questioning that provides information that may direct answers to suggested system or complaint

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51
Q

advance directive

A

legal document prepared by a living compenent adult to provide guidence to the healthcare team if the individual becomes unable to make decisions regaurding his/her care

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52
Q

probability of infection if sterilization is done properly

A

virtually zero

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53
Q

antiseptic

A

disinfectant applied to skin

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54
Q

what is gas sterilization used for

A

electronic and plastic equipment that could be destroyed by heat

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55
Q

examples of objective symptosms

A

fever, rash, hives, burn

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56
Q

most important way to prevent spread of disease

A

washing hands

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57
Q

types of processes hand washing condsidered

A

chemical and physical

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58
Q

important and effective portion of hand washing

A

mechanical action of rubbing hands together

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59
Q

when do you wash hands

A

before and after every patient

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60
Q

who do you apply standard precautions to

A

all patients

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61
Q

when do you remove gloves

A

promptly after use before touching non-contaminated surfaces. between patients

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62
Q

what should be avoided when working with needles

A

recapping

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63
Q

2 techniques to use when recapping

A

one handded scoop. needle recapping device

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64
Q

where to place sharps

A

sharps container

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65
Q

airborn precautions what type of mask do you wear

A

one that filters inspired air

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66
Q

airborn precautions type of mask pt should wear

A

one that filters expired air

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67
Q

what does HBV primarily affect

A

liver

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68
Q

what does HIV affect

A

immune system

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69
Q

why gerontology population is said to be growing

A

improvements in living standards, dietary practices, physical fitness, medical care

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70
Q

patient assesment

A

objective evaluation and determination fo the status of a patient

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71
Q

3 ways radiographers use touch

A

emotional support, emohasis, palpation

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72
Q

what must you do to the equipment after a contact pre pt leaves the department

A

clean with disinfectant

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73
Q

how many people does it take to maintain contact precautions

A

2 people clean tech dirty tech

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74
Q

common wayx microorganisms penetrate or gain entry into body

A

cuts or wounds, masquito bites

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75
Q

sterile field

A

specific area considered free of viable microorganisms

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76
Q

catheters are used for

A

empty bladder before and during surgery and child birth
relieving retention of urine or bypass
irrigate bladder or introduce drugs
permit accurate measuring of urine output
relieve incontinence

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77
Q

hand washing prevents

A

potentially fatal infections from spreading

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78
Q

what to use when soap and water are unavailable

A

sanitizer

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79
Q

color of sterile items

A

blue

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80
Q

packages should be considered not sterile

A

not clean or dry, precously opened, expired

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81
Q

part of bottle is sterile, not sterile

A

inside sterile outside not

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82
Q

commonly used sterile packs

A

myelography, special procedures, venograms, angiograms

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83
Q

what makes up sterile field

A

patient, table, furniture covered with sterile drapes, personnel wearing sterile attire

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84
Q

urinary catheterization

A

insertion of a tube into blader using aseptic technique

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85
Q

2 methods of surgical scrub

A

timed, numbered stroke method

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86
Q

2 methods of gowning

A

self gowning, gowning another person

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87
Q

2 methods of gloving

A

self gloving, gloving another person

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88
Q

once gloving starts what part is considered not sterile

A

inside of gloves. part touching skin

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89
Q

after sterile gown is on which part is considered sterile

A

waist up and sleeves

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90
Q

how must you maintain sterile technique with attire and moving around room

A

dont reach below waist or table move back to back with sterile people

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91
Q

before washing hands and gloving what must be removed

A

jewlry

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92
Q

contamination through hospital environment occurs

A

fomites (instruments, fluids, food, air, and medication)

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93
Q

2 blood borne pathogens of concern in hospital environment

A

HIV HBV

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94
Q

effectiveness of chemical disinfectants depends on

A

concentration, temp, time of exposure, tyes and numbers of microbes, nature of object or person being treated

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95
Q

difference between primary and secondary aging

A

primary- gradual inevetable process of aging begins in childhood-old age
secondary- consists of disease, abuse, disuse, often within control of individual

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96
Q

chemotherapy

A

selective toxicity of a drug to kill a microbe within a host

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97
Q

cyst

A

stage in life cycle of certain parasite during which they are enclosed in a protective wall

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98
Q

microorganism

A

microscopic organism

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99
Q

host

A

animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

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100
Q

sterilization

A

killing of all life forms

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101
Q

common upright device ou will encounter

A

pigg-o-stat

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102
Q

radiolucent

A

x-rays can pass through fat, air, gas

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103
Q

how to make geriatric pts more comfortable on table

A

place sponge under knees. place pad on table

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104
Q

biggest concern of elderly pts

A

falling

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105
Q

2 ways you can use tape on child but not abrade skin

A

twist the tape place gauze between skin and tape

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106
Q

way to immobilize hands, feet, fingers, or toes of young child

A

plexiglass paddle

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107
Q

only people who can use octostop board

A

infants up to 1 year

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108
Q

disadvantage of using octogonal fraimed restraints

A

size

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109
Q

disadvantage of pigg-o-stat

A

possible artifact caused by plastic sides which can overlap area of interest

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110
Q

things parents can do during childs exam

A

come in and help
come in and watch
wait outside room

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111
Q

how to get children to respond to a procedure

A

make it a game

112
Q

best way to talk with a child

A

get on their level. speak in calm voice, use words they can understand

113
Q

how to x-ray pt with C-collar

A

manipulate equipment around them. do not remove

114
Q

material backboards are made ofand why

A

radioleucent so we can x-ray though it

115
Q

when can a c collar be removed

A

when cleared by a physician or radiologist after initial images have been looked at

116
Q

disadvantage of using radiolucent pad on table

A

easily cause artifacts due to skin folds

117
Q

common way of reducing patient motion

A

positioning sponges

118
Q

why do you need to be familiear with various traction and immobilization techniques used by emt

A

must be left in place until radiologist cleas them. must x-ray them

119
Q

positioning sponges are designed for

A

supporting patient or area of interest by reducing physical strain on the patient from having to hold a position that might be otherwise difficult

120
Q

backboard supports (immobilizes) what

A

entire body

121
Q

always strive to produce what as radiographer

A

most diagnostic image possible with the least amount of raditation to patient and others

122
Q

most common spinal trauma traction device

A

c-collar

123
Q

how many people does it take to remove traction device

A

2

124
Q

how should devices be removed and where to support

A

gently and above and below device

125
Q

how are initial films done in most trauma situations

A

taken with devices left in place

126
Q

neonates

A

newborn infants

127
Q

pediatric

A

branch of medicine that treats children

128
Q

plantar surface

A

sole of foot

129
Q

patient rapport begins when

A

introduction

130
Q

2 people important communication takes place

A

technologist and patient

131
Q

most effective and simplest means of reducing pt’s motion

A

communication

132
Q

involuntary motion- contributing factors

A

cant be controlled by patient

shock, medication, room temp

133
Q

best way to minimize radiation to patient

A

do exam right the first time

134
Q

voluntary motion

when it occurs

A

can be controlled by patient

tapping of foot, inadequate communication

135
Q

anteroposterior

A

direction of x-ray beam from front to back

136
Q

ambulatory

A

able to walk

137
Q

trauma

A

wound or injury

138
Q

restraint

A

hindrance of an action (movement)

139
Q

artifacts

A

substances or structures not naturally present but of which an authentic image appears on an image

140
Q

axial projection

A

any projection not at right angle to the long axis of an anatomic strucutre

141
Q

empathy

A

recongnition of and entering into the feelings of another person

142
Q

examples of subjective symptoms

A

headache stomach ache

143
Q

ways to communicate with patient

A

verbal, humor, paralanguage, body language, touch, professional appearance, physical appearance, personal hygine, eye contact

144
Q

another name for child restraint board

A

infant immobilizer

145
Q

disinfectant

A

chemicals that alter the environment available to the microbe

146
Q

attenuation

A

loss of radiation energy as a result of passing through absorbing materials like the body

147
Q

post procedural instructions that must give to a patient after BE exam

A

drink plenty of fluids, laxative, if no bm in 24 hours contact physician

148
Q

2 things pt must make sure to increase in the days following a BE

A

fluid intake and fiber

149
Q

temporary colostomy

A

performed to heal or rest a diseased portion of bowel

150
Q

subjective

A

pertaining to or perceived only by the affected individual not perceptable to the senses

151
Q

what consent of the procedure always gives you

A

consent for you to touch their body for information and positioning

152
Q

when and how a patient can withdrw their consent for a procedure

A

anytime with verbal or nonverbal communication

153
Q

why chronology shouldnt be given in dates

A

requires a radiologist to get out a calendar and see how much time has elapsed between then and now

154
Q

difference between acute and chronic

A

acute-sudden onset

chronic-having prolonged course

155
Q

what descripter words should be used to describe pain

A

specific words. burning, throbbing, dull, sharp, aching, radiating, pressure

156
Q

direct host-to-host transmission involves

A

touching, hand holding, coughing, sexual contact

157
Q

indirect contact situations of transferring an organism for medical personell

A

food handlers contaminate food. personell sneeze or cough on something carry orgamisn in facial hair under finger nails

158
Q

how are blood borne pathogens transmitted

A

any exposure to blood or potentially infectious material

159
Q

most common nosocomial infection aquired in hospital

A

Urinary Tract Infection

160
Q

invasive procedures that could allow entrance into the body

A

surgery, insertion of needles, vasular catherters, endotracheal tubes, endospores

161
Q

timeframe a vaccine lasts and what is done to keep it current

A

varies rarely lasts throughout life. get boosters

162
Q

emesis basin

A

kidney shaped vessel for collection of vomit

163
Q

enema

A

liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum

164
Q

flatus

A

gas or air evacuated through anus

165
Q

protozoan parasites

ingest and equipped with

A

food particles

rudimentary digestive system

166
Q

4 basic agents pathogens are divided into

A

bacteria viruses fungi protozoan parasites

167
Q

3 functions pathogens do well

A

multiply in large numbers and cause obstruction
cause damage
secrete organic substances called exotoxins

168
Q

why viruses cant survive on their own

A

lack components necessary for own survival

169
Q

side effects caused by exotoxins

A

extremly high body temp, nausea, vomiting, shock

170
Q

2 types of beadpans

A

standard= 2” high

fracture- front is 1/2” high for pt with limited movement

171
Q

questioning techniques

A

opened ended questions, facilitation, silence, probing questions, repetition, summarization

172
Q

2 forms of commercial restraints

A

upright restraint restraint board

173
Q

chain of infection consists of

A

host infectious microorganism made of transmission reservoir

174
Q

type of heat effective and more rapid at killing microbes

A

moist heat

175
Q

type of heat requires higher temp to sterilize

A

dry

176
Q

pathogen

A

disease-producing microorganisms

177
Q

angle the wheelchair needs to be placed

A

45 degrees

178
Q

what you check and make sure there are no weight restrictions

A

patient chart

179
Q

how much of the work you should let patient do during transfer

A

as much as possible

180
Q

when is stability achieved

A

body’s center of gravity is over base of support`

181
Q

patient with loose clothing needs

A

transfer belt

182
Q

where the patients center of gravity should be held

A

as close to transferres as possible

183
Q

what constitutes a persons base of support

A

person standing feet apart

184
Q

how to enlarge base of support

A

spread feet farther apart but not too far

185
Q

how do you safely and easily move heavy objects

A

hold close to movers center of gravity

186
Q

who is in charge during a 2 person wheelchair transfer

A

person lifting torso

187
Q

where is a cart placed for a cart to table transfer

A

as close to table as possible

188
Q

hot to cart a transfer patient without moving device

A

use sheet, 3 people pull patient to edge of cart and life and pull patient as singe unit

189
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

drop in blood pressure when a person stands up quickly from sitting or supine position

190
Q

center of gravity

A

hypothetical point around which all mass apears to be concentrated

191
Q

base of support

A

foundation on which a body rests or stands

192
Q

low residue diet

A

diet that gives least possible fecal residue

193
Q

nasogastric tube

A

tubes of soft rubber or plastic inserted through nostril and into stomach for installing liquid food or withdrawing gastric contents

194
Q

sims position

A

pt lies on left side with rt knee and thigh flexes and left arm parallel along back

195
Q

stoma

A

opening established in abdominal wall by colostomy

196
Q

urinal

A

vessel or other receptical for urine

197
Q

fluid in a clensing enema does

A

breaks up fecal mass, stretches rectal wall, initiates defecation

198
Q

autoclave

A

device used to sterilize, produces moist heat using steam under pressure

199
Q

how sterilization by dry heat achieved

A

in an oven

200
Q

common viral infections in humans`

A

common cold, warts

201
Q

examples of fungi

A

mushrooms puffballs yeast mold

202
Q

2 ways infectious microbe can gain entrance to human body

A

ingression or penetration

203
Q

most common symptom caused by ingression

A

diarrhea

204
Q

most important barrier for a microbe to overcome when trying to spread

A

host immune defense

205
Q

3 outcomes an encounter with an infectious agent can result in

A

host gains control and eleminates
infectious agent overcomes and causes disease
host and agent compromise and live in anxious state of symbosis

206
Q

what happens when the chain of infection is broken

A

infection will cease

207
Q

most favorable host and why

A

humans

abundance of nutrients and metabolites found in body

208
Q

viscosity

A

physical property of liquids that determines internal resistance to shear forces

209
Q

purpose of a barium enema

A

diagnose pathologic conditions of the colon or lower GI tract

210
Q

permanent colostomy

A

performed when portion of bowel has been removed

211
Q

barium

A

bulky fine white powder, without odor or taste and free from grittiness. used as contrast medium in radiography of digestive tract

212
Q

bedpan

A

vessels for recieving urinary and fecal discharges of a patient unabe to leave his or her bed

213
Q

colostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening between the colon and surface of the body

214
Q

patient experiences WHAT when they have NG tube

A

discomfort

215
Q

why male urinal has specific shape

A

when laying supine or on their side or fowlers position the can still use it

216
Q

who is offered urinal

A

not ambulatory

217
Q

what do you do when a patient can use the urinal themselves

A

hand them urinal, allow privacy to use, put on gloves, record output, empty, put back, give pt washcloth,

218
Q

which type of patient uses a bedpan

A

not ambulatory

219
Q

when will a male and female use a bedpan

A

male- defecation

female urination and defecation

220
Q

different types of cleansing enemas

A

tap water, hyotonic solution saline soapsud oil retention

221
Q

bowel preparations consist of

A

diet restrictions, purgaation :laxitves, over-hydration, cleansing enema, npo

222
Q

why is it important to have pt repeat instructions for prep back to you

A

so you know they fully understood.

223
Q

functions of balloon/cuff on an enema tip

A

holds catheter in place and prevents expulsion of barium

224
Q

most common complication of a BE

A

Damage to rectal wall from improper use of the balloon

225
Q

why must you always remember before removing enema tip

A

deflate the balloon

226
Q

what tyoe of contrast will you use when bowel perforation is suspected on a be

A

water-soluble iodinated contrast

227
Q

whech be is most commonly done

A

double contrast

228
Q

why each be is called (double and single)

A

double- uses contrast and air

single uses just contrast

229
Q

where are transmission based precautions applied

A

when pt is infected with pathogenic organism or communicable disease

230
Q

goals of aseptic technique

A

protect patient from infection and prevent spread of pathogens and harmful microorganisms

231
Q

why are leading questions avoided

A

introduces bias into the history (your opinion not theirs)

232
Q

types of questions used in taking histories

A

open ended

233
Q

why patients see note taking as positive

A

they think what they said is important

234
Q

correct way to address your patient

A

polite and professional

235
Q

why are patients more comfortable talkint to you than the radiologist

A

radiologists are percieved as authoratative. tech is less intimidating

236
Q

2 people involved in taking a cooperative patient history

A

patient and tech

237
Q

localization

A

determination of a precise area, usually through gental palpation or careful working of question

238
Q

objective

A

perceptable to the external senses

239
Q

why repeat informtion when taking patient history

A

verifies you understood patient correctly ensures patient hasnt changed their mind

240
Q

which way do you roll a patient

A

toward you

241
Q

flexion

A

act of bending or condition of being bent

242
Q

when do you use airborne precautions

A

when pt is infected with pathogen that disseminates through air

243
Q

vaccine

A

mixture used to induce active immunity

244
Q

what to do with wheels and footrest before transferring

A

lock wheels and move foot rests

245
Q

which way transfer should be positioned

A

toward patients stronger side

246
Q

what kinds of movement should be avoided during transfers

A

twisting

247
Q

when can orthostatic hypotention become serious for a patient

A

when they have been in bed for long period of time

248
Q

how to minimize orhtostatic hypotension

A

have patient stand slowly

249
Q

level on hierarchy of needs where students begin their carreer

A

level 3 belongingness and love

250
Q

paralanguage

A

music or language

251
Q

maslows’ hierachy of needs

A

model of human needs developed by abraham maslow 7 levels

252
Q

how the chronology should be given

A

in terms of weeks days hours

253
Q

how are bacteri identified and classified

A

according to morphology, biochemistry, and genetic make-up

254
Q

incubation period and parameters

A

time the host defenses have been overcome until the time a substantial population has been achieved

255
Q

infectious microorganism consist of

A

bacteria viruses fungi protozoa

256
Q

vector

A

carrier, especially an animal that transfers an inactive agent from one host to another

257
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular organisms that are neither plant or animal

258
Q

recommended inflation of the balloon on be

A

30-90 ml of air

259
Q

indications for doing a single contrast be

A

colon config is important gross pathologic conditions must be shows. fistulas are thought to be present
children. obstruction being evacuated. pt is not movable or cooperative

260
Q

mobility muscles

A

muscles found in 4 extremities and designed for movement

261
Q

stability muscles

A

muscles that support the torso and are designed to provide stability

262
Q

always avoid what when working with children

A

threat and force

263
Q

effective and inexpensive ways to immobilize child

A

mummification, swaddle

264
Q

3 considerations when working with geriatric pts

A

security warmth comfort

265
Q

chemical disinfectants common to radiology department

A

halogens chlorine iodine

266
Q

loopogram

A

BE through a colostomy

267
Q

defecation

A

evacuation of fecal matter from intestines

268
Q

4 types of wheelchair transfer

A

standby assist
assisted standing pivot
2 person lift
hydraulic lift

269
Q

what safe and effective transfers rely on

A

proper body mechanics

270
Q

1st things to be determined before doing a wheelchair transfer

A

if there is a strong or weak side

271
Q

common method of sterilization

A

heat

272
Q

most challenging aspect of being an RT

A

obtaining patient’s consent

273
Q

when dealing with adolescents

A

keep covered as much as possible very modest

274
Q

why palpate with fingers instead of palm

A

more precise and more nerves

275
Q

1st thing before palpating a patient

A

tell patient/get consent

276
Q

why is it illegal to tell patients what you see on images

A

can be taken as diagnosis, illegal without liscense

277
Q

how can impatients be transported to radiograophy department

A

wheelchair, cart, or ambulartory

summer semester pt care (6 decks)

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