Super detailed lectures 1 - 5

Question 1

Levels of Organization

Answer 1

1) Cell
2) Tissue
3) Organ
4) Organ System
5) Organism

Question 2

Types of tissue

Answer 2

1) Muscular –Contraction
2) Nervous – Signals
3) Epithelial – Exchange
4) Skeletal –Structure

Question 3

Organ system

Answer 3

A collection of organs that perform similar functions essential to survival

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

• Maintaining an stable internal environment (external to the cell)
• Counteracts change in external environment

Question 5

Cycle of homeostasis

Answer 5

• Cells make up body systems
• Body systems regulate homeostasis
• Homeostasis is essential to the survival of cells

Question 6

Physiological properties of homeostasis

Answer 6

• Negative feedback: Change in environment triggers reaction to counter that change. Made up of sensor, set point, integrator, effector
• Positive feedback: Reinforces change in environment (rare)

Question 7

Korbinian Brodmann

Answer 7

• Used different stains to come up with 52 cortical areas of the brain

Question 8

Luigi Galvani

Answer 8

• Found similarities in cerebral cortex between animals (area 17 towards back of brain)

Question 9

Wilder Penfield

Answer 9

• Epileptic patients
• Electrodes on brain –> What did patients experience?
• Different areas of brain did different things

Question 10

Lobes of cerebral cortex

Answer 10

Frontal - Motor function, memory, problem solving 
Parietal - Sensory input
Occipital - Visual
Temporal - Hearing
Cerebellum - Receives input from brain

Question 11

Primary Sensory Areas

Answer 11

First parts of brain to receive input and get processed

Question 12

Lesions in brain and effects

Answer 12

• Visual cortex: Blind
• Somatosensory cortex: Can’t feel skin
• Primary motor cortex: Can’t move
• Auditory: Deaf (depends on side)

Question 13

Breakdown of nervous system

Answer 13

• Central: Brain and spinal cord (including retina)
• Peripheral: Nervous tissue, branch from spinal cord
  
  • Somatic: Motor and touch (intentional)
  • Autonomic: Subconsciousness
    
    • Sympathetic: Fight or flight
    • Parasympathetic: Food and sex (fuck yea!)
    • Sympathetic and Parasynpathetic are opposites of each other

Question 14

Medulla

Answer 14

Basic of survival: Heartbeat, breathing, etc

Question 15

Ways of cutting the brain

Answer 15

• Planes of section: How you cut
• Horizontal: Top and bottom
• Frontal/coronal: Front and back
• Saggital: Left and right hemisphere

Question 16

Ways of describing the brain

Answer 16

• Dorsal: Top (superior)
• Ventral: Bottom (inferior)
• Caudal: Back (anterior)
• Rostral: Front (posterior)
• Midline: Middle
  
  • Medial: Closer to midline
  • Lateral: Farther from midline

Question 17

Meninges

Answer 17

• Protects the brain.
• Dura mater: Tougher than skin
• Arachnoid mater: Blood vessels
• Pia mater: Enclose cerebrospinal fluid
• Neurons: We’ve reached the brain!

Question 18

Blood brain barrier

Answer 18

• Series of epithelial cells around capillaries
• Protect blood and brain from each other (bacteria)
• Hydrophobic
• Drugs must be able to cross the BBB

Question 19

Basic organization of a neuron

Answer 19

• Dendrite: Branches of nerve cells
• Axon: Connects neurons
• Synapse: Contacts axon and dendrite

Question 20

Glial cells

Answer 20

Support cells of nervous system and maintain homeostasis

Question 21

Cell Levels of Organization

Answer 21

• Plasma Membrane: Thin phospholipid bilayer membrane that encloses cell (salt water, butter, salt water)
• Nucleus: Contains DNA, RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
• Cytoplasm: Contains organelles, cytosol, and cytoskeleton

Question 22

Organelles

Answer 22

• ER: Has ribosomes (rough)
• Golgi Complex: Raw materials –> Finished products
• Lysosomes: Membrane enclosed sacs
• Peroxisomes: Remove hydrogen from toxic molecules
• Mitochondria: Is the powerhouse of the cell (makes ATP requires glucose)
• Vaults: Transport molecules within cytoplasm

Question 23

Cytosol

Answer 23

• Semi-liquid

- Stores fat and glycerol

Question 24

Cytoskeleton

Answer 24

• Structural support
• Microtubules: Cell shape and axonal transport
• Microfilaments: Support
• Intermediate filaments: Support

Question 25

Passing through plasma membrane

Answer 25

• Cannot pass through the plasma membrane itself

- Has proteins (pores, pumps, and channels) that allow passing of molecules

Question 26

Concentration of potassium and sodium

Answer 26

Potassium: Greater inside than outside
Sodium: Greater outside than inside

Question 27

Intracellular recording

Answer 27

Measuring the voltage inside and outside a cell

Question 28

Membrane potential

Answer 28

Difference in voltage on the inside and and outside of the cell (very negative)

Question 29

Resting potential

Answer 29

Potential difference between inside and outside while nothing is happening (all cells) it’s very rare to be at 0 (dead)

Question 30

Voltage v current

Answer 30

Current: Rate at which electric charge flows past a point
Voltage: What drives the current between two points

Question 31

Measuring current in cells

Answer 31

Positive- Inside to outside

Negative- Inside to outside

Question 32

Current voltage plot

Answer 32

Describing the movement of cells (current) as a function of membrane potential

Question 33

Chemical and electrical potential

Answer 33

• Electrical: Opposite attract, like repel
• Chemical: Higher concentration to lower concentration
• When two forces are balanced, no NET movement

Question 34

IV Plots (X and Y axis)

Answer 34

• X-axis: Membrane potential

- Y-axis: Current

Question 35

Y-axis values for IV plots

Answer 35

• Larger values: More positive current
• Zero: No current
• Smaller values: More negative current
• Current is the movement of ions
• Positive: Plus going out or minus going in
• Negative: Minus going our or plus going in

Question 36

X-axis values for IV plots

Answer 36

• Larger values: Inside more positive than outside
• Zero: No voltage
• Smaller values: Inside more negative than outside