Supernatural Tradition

Question 1

These agents, which might be ___, ___, ___, or other phenomena such as ___ or the ___ or the ___, are the driving forces behind the supernatural model.

Answer 1

divinities;
demons;
spirits;
magnetic fields;
moon;
starts

Question 1

___ outside our bodies and environment influence our behavior, thinking, and emotions.

Answer 1

Agents

Question 2

Although many have thought that the mind can influence the body and, in turn, the body can influence the mind, most philosophers looked for causes of abnormal behavior in one or the other. This split gave rise to two traditions of thought about abnormal behavior, summarized as the ___ and the ___.

Answer 2

Biological Model;
Psychological Model

Question 3

During the last quarter of the 14th century, religious and lay authorities supported these popular ___ and society as a whole began to believe more strongly in the existence and power of ___ and ___.

Answer 3

Superstitions;
demons;
witches

Question 4

During these turbulent times, the bizarre behavior of people afflicted with psychological disorders was seen as the work of the ___ and ____.

Answer 4

devils;
witches

Question 5

Treatments included ___ (specific), in which various ___ (general) were performed in an effort to rid the
victim of evil spirits.

Answer 5

exorcism;
religious rituals

Question 6

Other approaches includes ___ in the hair of the victim’s head.

Answer 6

shaving a pattern of a cross

Question 7

Other approaches includes ___ near the front of the church so that they might benefit from hearing Mass.

Answer 7

securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church

Question 8

Mental ___ and ___ were recognized as illnesses.

Answer 8

depression;
anxiety

Question 9

Symptoms such as ___ were often identified by the church with the sin of ___ or sloth.

Answer 9

despair and lethargy;
acedia

Question 10

For mental depression and anxiety, common treatments were ___, ___, and a ___. Other treatments were ___, ___ and ___.

Answer 10

rest;
sleep;
happy and healthy environment;
baths;
ointments;
various poitions

Question 11

In the 14th century, one of the chief advisers to the king of France, a bishop and philosopher name ___, also suggested that the disease of ___ (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons.

Answer 11

Nicholas Oresme;
Melancholy

Question 12

As we see in the handling of the severe psychological disorder experienced by late-14th-century ___, both influences were strong, sometimes alternating in the treatment of the same.

Answer 12

King Charles VI of France

Question 13

With a perceived connection between evil deeds and sin on the one hand and psychological disorders on the other, it is logical to conclude that the sufferer is largely responsible for the disorder, which might well be a ___.

Answer 13

punishment for evil deeds

Question 14

In the Middle Ages, if ___ failed, some authorities thought that steps were necessary to make the body uninhabitable by evil spirits.

Answer 14

exorcism

Question 15

If exorcism failed, people were subjected to ___, ___ and ___.

Answer 15

confinement;
beatings;
other forms of torture

Question 16

___ may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of ___, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.

Answer 16

Mass hysteria;
emotion contagion

Question 17

___, a Swiss physician who lived from 1493 to 1541, rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the ___ had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning.

Answer 17

Paracelsus;
moon and stars

Question 18

The ___ requires that all healthcare resources be exhausted first before spiritual solutions such as exorcism can be considered.

Answer 18

Roman Catholic Church