Surface anatomy and terminology

Question 1

Abduction

Answer 1

Movement away from midline

Question 2

Adduction

Answer 2

Movement closer or toward midline

Question 3

Flexion

Answer 3

Bending to decrease angle between bones

Question 4

Extension

Answer 4

Bending to increase angle between bones

Question 5

Inversion

Answer 5

Turning a body part inward

Question 6

Eversion

Answer 6

Turning a body part outward

Question 7

Pronation

Answer 7

Movement of turning to face downward (hands)

Question 8

Supination

Answer 8

Movement of turning to face upward

Question 9

Dorsiflexion

Answer 9

Pointing toes upwards towards the shin (lifting up)

Question 10

Plantar flexion

Answer 10

Pointing toes down and away from the shin (feet)

Question 11

why is standardisation important?

Answer 11

-Allows relational descriptions
-Exact location determined

Question 12

Medial

Answer 12

towards the midline of the body

Question 13

lateral

Answer 13

away from the midline of the body

Question 14

Superior/Cephalic/Cranial:

Answer 14

Towards upper part/head

Question 15

Proximal

Answer 15

closest to point of attachment. E.g elbow joint as its closer to the midline.

Question 16

Inferior/Caudal

Answer 16

away from head, towards lower part

Question 17

Distal

Answer 17

further from the point of attachment e.g wrist as its further away from the midline compared to elbow joint.

Question 18

supine

Answer 18

patient lies with the posterior or dorsal surface closest to the image receptor (IR) (most common)

Question 19

Prone

Answer 19

patient lies with the anterior or ventral surface nearest the IR. (laying forwards with back facing upwards) e.g fluoroscopy procedures for pelvis and spine.

Question 20

Oblique

Answer 20

• patient is neither prone nor supine but between the two.

Question 21

Right anterior oblique

Answer 21

patient is semi prone with tight side closest to IR

Question 22

Left anterior oblique

Answer 22

patient is semi prone with left side closest to IR

Question 23

Right posterior oblique

Answer 23

patient is semi supine with right side closest to IR

Question 24

Left posterior oblique

Answer 24

patient is semi supine with left side closest to IR

Question 25

Decubitus

Answer 25

the patient is lying down and the central x-ray is horizontal.

Question 26

Dorsal decubitus

Answer 26

patient is supine with the film on the indicated side. Results in a lateral projection/ image.- comes in at right hand side of the patient.

Question 27

Ventral decubitus

Answer 27

Patient is prone with the film on the indicated side- results in lateral projection/image.

Question 28

Lateral decubitus

Answer 28

patient is on their side with the film either in front or behind, the raised side is indicated- results in AP/PA projection (image).

Question 29

What is a lateral projection?

Answer 29

The beam enters from either lateral aspect. The side is denoted by the side closes to

Question 30

What is an axial projection?

Answer 30

Any projection in which the central ray is along the axis of a bone/joint. This usually requires angulation of the x-ray beam. Tube goes from superior to inferior (shoulder joint, ankle).

Question 31

What are surface landmark and why are they used?

Answer 31

-Parts of the patient that can be palpated.
-Allow location of internal structures
-Allow “sensitive” location of positioning points
-Standardisation of positioning

Question 32

what is the internal body structure to these surface landmarks?

Question 33

mastoid tips

Answer 33

c1 vertebral body

Question 34

thyroid cartilage

Answer 34

c4 vertebral body.

Question 35

symphysis pubis/ greater trochanter

Answer 35

coccyx