Surgery Flashcards
TURP BAUS consent
almost all burning bleeding frequency 75% retograde ejaculation 10-50% not resolve all symptoms 2-10% bleeding stricture cancer retreatment infection retention erections incontinence
less 1%
TUR
anaesthetic
death
TURP efficacy
%qmax 150%
IPSS 70%
pvr 77%
qol 70%
retreatment annual 2%, 4% 1 year, 10% 5 years
TURP complications transfusion death TUR sepsis AUR clot retention incontinence BN stricture ED
Transfusion 3% death 0.1% TUR 0.8% AUR 4.5% clot retention 5% UTI 4% sepsis 3% incontinence <1% ED 10% BN stricture 3-5%
Reynard paper outcome TURP
1999
failure to void after turp dependent on previous bladder volume
379 patients
12% failed to void after turp on initial twoc, only in those with retention prev
10% AUR
38% with chronic retention >500mls pvr and 44% acute on chronic retention failed to void
only 1% of patients required long term catheter
persistance of DO after BOO relieved paper
Abrams
1979
DO persists in 20-40% of patients
DO present in % of men with BOO
45-50% of men with BOO
TUR syndrome glycine osmolality absorption rate average absorped glycine metabolismg
1.5% 220 mosmol 20ml per min 1.5l on average liver metabolism oxidative deamination in liver 90% and kidney 25% to GLYOXYLIC ACID and ammonia NH3 which is then broken down to GABA and NH3 this depresses cerebrum and can cause hyperammonia encephalopathy
ideal irrigant solution
Ideally the irrigation solution should be
isotonic,
non hemolytic,
electrically inert (so that diathermy can be used), non toxic,
transparent,
easy to sterilize and inexpensive
Electrolyte solutions such as normal saline or Ringer Lactate do least harm when absorbed into the circulation.
However they cause dispersion of high frequency current from the resectoscope and hence abandoned.
water as irrigant
Sterile water: Though sterile water has many qualities of an ideal irrigating fluid, the disadvantage is its extreme hypotonicity, causing hemolysis, dilutional hyponatremia, shock and renal failure.
glycine concentration vs serum osmol
The os¬molality of 1.5% glycine is 230 mosm/1 compared to se¬rum osmolality of 290 mosm/l and hence cardiovascular and renal toxicities can occur at this concentration also.
absorption of glycine rate
20ml per minute
or around 1.5l for an average case
The uptake of I litre of fluid within one hour, which corresponds to an acute decrease in the serum sodium concentration of 5-8 mmols/l, is the volume above which the risk of absorption related symptoms is statistically in¬creased
TUR syndrome main components
glycine toxicity neurotransmitters
fluid overload
dilutional hyponatraemia
glycine also acting on ANP release and natriuresis
glycine toxicity myocardium
hyperammonia due to glycine metabolism and encephalopathy
hypertension followed by hypotension, rapid equilibrium of hypotonic fluid with EC fluid compartment
lab findings TUR syndrome
hyponatramiea iso osmolar or mildly hypoosmolar increased osmolar gap hyperglycinaemia hyperammonaemia due to deamination of glycine met acidosis haemodilution
when does visual disturbance resolve
in 2-12 hours
can be to light perception only
fundoscopy later normal
ethanol test TUR syndrome
1% ethanol in irrigant
detect on breathalyser
can detect 75ml absorption per 10 mins of surgery
management TUR 9
- Stop operation
- Catheter inflate and pressure
- Check extravasation – retropubic drain
- Send bloods
- Give dose 40mg IV furosemide
- ITU
- Serum sodium restored slowed
- Judicious use of fluid restriction
- Diuretics
- Rarely hypertonic saline
restoration sodium
avoid central pontine demyelination
aim to raise no more than 10-12 per 24 hours or 1 mmol per hour
3% hypertonic saline only indicated neurological manisfestations
do not restor to normal, only to symptom resolving
through central line as sclerosis peripheral veins
bradycardia and hypotension - atropine, adrengeric drugs, IV calcium
anti convulsants seizures
