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Chemistry > Natures Chemistry > Flashcards

Natures Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are saturated compounds?

A

Compounds containing only single carbon to carbon bonds.

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2
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Compounds containing atleast one carbon to carbon double bond.

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3
Q

Which compounds can undergo addition reactions?

A

Unsaturated compounds.

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4
Q

How to distinguish an unsaturated compound from a saturated compound?

A

Bromine solution, unsaturated compounds will quickly decolourise bromine solution

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5
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulae, may be different homologous series and have different physical properties.

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6
Q

What to consider when considering solubility, boiling point and volatility?

A

Presence of hydrogen bonding, permanent dipole, molecular size would affect LDF, polarities.

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7
Q

Functional group of alcohols?

A

hydroxyl, OH

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8
Q

What are primary alcohols?

A

The OH is attached to a C atom that has atleast two H atoms.

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9
Q

What are secondary alcohols?

A

The OH is attached to a C atoms that has 1 H atom

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10
Q

What are tertiary alcohols?

A

The OH is attached to a C atom that is not attached to any H atoms

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11
Q

Alcohols that contain 2 hydroxyl groups are known as?

A

Diols

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12
Q

Alcohols with 3 OH groups are known as?

A

Triols

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13
Q

What does the hydroxyl group do to the alcohol?

A

Makes it polar and gives rise to hydrogen bonding.

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14
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

COOH, carboxyl

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15
Q

Metal oxide + carboxylic acid~>

A

Salt + water

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16
Q

Metal hydroxide + carboxylic acid~>

A

Salt + water

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17
Q

Metal carbonate + carboxylic acid~>

A

Salt + water + CO2

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18
Q

Functional group of ester

A

Ester link -COO-

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19
Q

Esters are named by:

A

Names of their parent alcohol and carboxylic acid

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20
Q

Uses of esters?

A

Flavourings and fragrances.

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21
Q

Are esters non polar or polar

A

Non polar so no not dissolve in water.

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22
Q

How are esters formed?

A

A condensation reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid.

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23
Q

How are edible fats and edible oils are esters formed from what?

A

A condensation of glue too and three carboxylic acid molecules.

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24
Q

Full name of glycerol?

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol

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25
Q

Oils or fats? Lower mp

A

Oils

26
Q

Explain melting point in oils

A

Double bonds in fatty acid chains prevent oil molecules from packing closely together, so the greater number of double bonds present, the weaker the van der waals forces of attraction.

27
Q

explain melting point in terms of unsaturation

A

The greater the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point.

28
Q

Fats and oils are:

A

Concentrated source of energy and essential for the transport and storage of fat soluble vitamins in the body

29
Q

How are soups produced?

A

By alkaline hydrolysis of edible oils and fats.

30
Q

Explain hydrolysis in soaps?

A

Produces 3 fatty acids molecules and one glycerol molecule. The fatty acid molecules are neutralised by the alkali, forming water soluble, ionic salts called soaps.

31
Q

What can soaps remove?

A

Non polar substances such as edible fats and oils.

32
Q

What do soap ions have?

A

A long non polar tail (hydrophobic) and ionic heads (hydrophilic).

33
Q

Hydrophobic tails?

A

Dissolve in oil or grease.

34
Q

When agitated what happens?

A

Micelles from, they repel each other and can be washed away.

35
Q

Explain hard water?

A

A term used to describe water containing high levels of dissolved metal ions. When soap is used in hard water scum is formed.

36
Q

How to prevent scum?

A

Use soapless detergent.

37
Q

What are emulsifiers?

A

Substances used to prevent non polar and polar liquids separating into layers.

38
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

Contains small droplets of one liquid dispersed into another.

39
Q

How to form emulsifiers for use in food?

A

Reacting edible oils with glycerol.

40
Q

What are proteins?

A

Major structural materials of animal tissue and are also involved in maintenance and regulation of life processes.

41
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins which act as biological catalysts.

42
Q

How are proteins formed?

A

Condensation by many amino acids.

43
Q

Functional group of a protein

A

Amide link -CONH-

44
Q

What are amino acids that cannot be made within the body?

A

Essential amino acids

45
Q

For carbon compounds, what does oxidation and reduction do to the O:H Ratio

A

Oxidation increases, reduction, decreases

46
Q

What solution is used to oxidise primary alcohols and secondary?

A

Acidifies dichromate solution

47
Q

Colour change of acidified dichromate solution?

A

Orange to green.

48
Q

can tertiary alcohols be oxidied?

A

No

49
Q

Aldehydes and ketones contain what functional group?

A

Carbonyl
C=O

50
Q

What happens to food when in contact with air?

A

Becomes oxidised and edible oils gives a rancid smell and taste.

51
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Molecules that prevent unwanted oxidation.

52
Q

Essential oils can be used as what?

A

Fragrances

53
Q

Key component in essential oils?

A

Terpenes

54
Q

What are terpenes

A

Unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units.

55
Q

Isoprene

A

2-methylbuta-1,3-diene

56
Q

What does UV light do to bonds

A

Breaks bonds within molecules.

57
Q

What happens when uv breaks these bonds

A

Free radicals form.

58
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Molecules that are highly reactive do to the presence of an unpaired electron.

59
Q

Steps of free radical chain reactions.

A

Initiation, propagation, termination.

60
Q

What are free radical scavengers

A

Molecules that react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent the free radical chain reaction.

Chemistry (1 decks)

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