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MIMM 214 Midterm > T cells > Flashcards

T cells Flashcards

Signal 3, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cytokine patterns, cross-regulation, chemokines, receptors, homing, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, T(FH) negative regulation and Tregs

1
Q

How do T cells get to the site of infection?

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels -> thoracic duct -> blood stream

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2
Q

What do Th1 cytokines promote?

A

Tc killing and macrophage ROS killing

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3
Q

What are the resulting differentiated T cells from activated T cells?

A

Effector T cells

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4
Q

Does an effector T cell require co-stimulation to act?

A

No

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5
Q

What are the signal 3 cytokines that regulate differentiation of T helper cell subsets?

A

Polarizing cytokines

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6
Q

How are different cytokines produced in the presence of PAMPs?

A

Different PRRs are engaged by different PAMPs

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7
Q

What T cell subsets do IL-12 and IL-4 induce?

A

IL-12 -> Th1
IL-4 -> Th2

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8
Q

How does signal 3 exert its effect?

A

Cytokines bind their receptor and induce signaling through STAT proteins

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9
Q

What are some examples of master transcription regulators?

A

T-Bet (Th1) and GATA-3 (Th2)

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10
Q

What do the master transcription regulators do?

A

Transcribe genes that code for specific cytokines

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11
Q

Where are Fas ligand and CD40 ligand expressed?

A

Surface of effector T cells

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12
Q

Fas ligand is used by ______ T cells to exert _________ effect

A

CD8; cytotoxic

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13
Q

CD40 ligand is used to _________ B cells and innate immune cells

A

Activate

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14
Q

Do CD8 T cells require co-stimulation?

A

Yes

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15
Q

IL-2 can be autocrine and paracrine from a Th__ or Th__ cell

A

1; 17

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16
Q

What do CTLs do?

A

Recognize and kill infected cells via recognition with their TCR

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17
Q

How are CD8 T cells activated to become cytotoxic effector cells?

A

By dendritic cells that have high co-stimulatory activity OR by help from CD4 effector T cells and license DCs to cross present

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18
Q

Signaling of which co-stimulatory receptor leads to DC licensing?

A

CD40

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19
Q

How does cell death occur via CTL?

A

Fas-FasL mediated killing causes signaling cascade involving cleavage of procaspases -> caspases lead to apoptosis of target cell

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20
Q

What granules do CTLs release to kill infected cells?

A

Perforin, granzymes

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21
Q

_____________ is a pore-forming protein and punches holes in the membranes and _________ enters to induce apoptosis

A

Perforin; granzyme

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22
Q

Once granzyme B enters the cytoplasm, it initiates signaling through _____________ cleavage to caspases, leading to cell death

A

Procaspases

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23
Q

What are important anti-viral cytokines?

A

Type I IFN

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24
Q

How do natural killer cells recognize and kill infected cells?

A

By their absence of MHC-I

25
Q

What is one role of IFN gamma?

A

Increase MHC-I expression
Activates macrophages and stimulates production of chemokines that can recruit more macrophages

26
Q

What is the difference between type I IFN and type II IFN?

A

Type I IFN: potent antiviral effects
Type II IFN: role in immune response against intracellular pathogens

27
Q

What are the responses of each of these CD4 T cell subsets?
a) Th1
b) Th2
c) Th17
d) T(FH)

A

a) Viruses and intracellular pathogens
b) Parasites and extracellular pathogens
c) Extracellular bacteria and fungi (autoimmunity)
d) Activating B cells in lymph nodes

28
Q

What is an example of cross-regulation?

A

IL-4 from Th2 inhibits Th1 differentiation
IFN-gamma from Th1 inhibits Th2 differentiation
IL-4 or IFN-gamma inhibit Th17 differentiation

29
Q

T-Bet suppresses _________ pathway gene expression and GATA3 suppresses _________ pathway gene expression

A

Th2; Th1

30
Q

What is the switch inducing Th17 subset differentiation?

A

IL-6

31
Q

Which cells stay in the lymph node and which cells leave the lymph node?

A

Th1, Th2 and Th17 leave the lymph node, while T(FH) stay in the lymph node and activate B cells

32
Q

Tissue specific molecules target effector T cells to _____________ tissues
a) the same
b) different

A

b)

33
Q

What are the polarizing cytokines of Th1?

A

IFN-gamma and IL-2

34
Q

What is the effector cytokine of Th1?

A

IFN

35
Q

What is the master transcription regulator of Th1?

A

T-Bet

36
Q

What does Th1 activate?

A

Macrophages, naive cytotoxic T lymphocytes precursors into effector CTLs

37
Q

Which STAT proteins are related to Th1?

A

STAT 1 and 4

38
Q

How does Th1 cell activate macrophages?

A

Binding to pMHC class II on surface and CD40L to bind CD40, secretion of IFN

39
Q

What is the function of M1 macrophage?

A

Antimicrobial mechanisms

40
Q

How is M1 macrophage activated?

A

Classically

41
Q

Name one effector function of Th1

A

Killing infected macrophages (main)
Help CD8 T cells
Stimulate increased differentiation of monocytes in bone marrow
Change expression of adhesion molecules on neighboring endothelium to recruit more macrophages
Recruitment of macrophages by chemotaxis

42
Q

What are the effector cytokines of Th2?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

43
Q

What is the master transcription regulator of Th2?

A

GATA3

44
Q

What is the role of Th2 in response to helminths?

A

Activates eosinophils, mast cells and basophils and macrophages

45
Q

What is the STAT protein associated with Th2?

A

STAT 6

46
Q

What is “weep and sweep”?

A

Reducing worm (helminths) burden

47
Q

Name one of the effector functions of Th2

A

Promote cell turnover and mucous production (IL-13)
Enhance worm expulsion
Recruit and activate M2 macrophage (activated alternatively) (ADCC)
Eosinophil and mast cell activation

48
Q

What are the polarizing cytokines of Th17?

A

TGF, IL-6, IL-23

49
Q

What are the effector cytokines of Th17?

A

IL-17 and IL-22

50
Q

What is the master transcription regulator of Th17?

A

RORT

51
Q

What is the STAT protein related to Th17?

A

STAT 3

52
Q

What are the roles of Th17?

A

Secrete IL-17 and IL-22 to stimulate other cells to secrete more cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides
Recruit neutrophils
Aid in targeting extracellular bacteria and fungi

53
Q

IL-17 is a pro-_______________ cytokine

A

Inflammatory

54
Q

What is the polarizing cytokine of Tfh?

A

IL-6

55
Q

What are the effector cytokines of Tfh?

A

IL-21, type I IFN, IL-4, IL-17

56
Q

What is the master transcription regulator of Tfh?

A

Bcl-6

57
Q

What is the STAT protein linked to Tfh?

A

STAT 3

58
Q

Which MHC molecule do Tfh recognize?

A

pMHC class II on B cells

MIMM 214 Midterm (3 decks)

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