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CS > T6: Automated and Emerging Technologies > Flashcards

T6: Automated and Emerging Technologies Flashcards

1
Q

define automated system

A

Automated Systems are a combination of software and hardware designed to function without human intervention.

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2
Q

process of automated system

A
  • Sensors take inputs, and they are sent to the microprocessor. The data is usually analogue, so it has to go through Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
  • The microprocessor processes the data and makes the necessary decisions based on its program
  • The actions are then executed by the actuators (Motors, wheels and so on)
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3
Q

general pros of automated systems

4 points

A
  • faster and safer
  • any changes can be identified quickly
  • less expensive in the long run
  • higher productivity and efficiency
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4
Q

general cons of automated systems

3 points

A
  • expensive to set up and maintain
  • any computerised systems are prone to attacks
  • over-reliance on automated systems may cause humans to lose skills
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5
Q

examples of robots

3 examples

A

factory equipment, domestic
robots and drones

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6
Q

characteristics of robots

A

– a mechanical structure or framework
– electrical components, such as sensors,
microprocessors and actuators
– programmable

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7
Q

where can robots be used

A

– industry
– transport
– agriculture
– medicine
– domestic
– entertainment

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8
Q

what are the main characteristics of Ai

2 points

A
  • collection of data and the rules for using that data
  • ability to reason, learn and adapt
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9
Q

pros of automated systems

4 points

A

Fewer people need to be employed

Repetitive tasks carried out with high accuracy and no breaks

Able to work in dangerous environments (industry)

More accurate simulation (gaming)

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10
Q

cons of automated system

3 points

A

People may lose their jobs / have fewer jobs to apply for

Automation can be very dangerous if something goes wrong

It is initially expensive to buy machinery

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11
Q

define an expert system

A

a form of AI that has been developed to mimic human knowledge and experiences.
They have a knowledge base, a rule base, an inference engine and an interface

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12
Q

how would an expert system work as a medical diagnoser

5 steps

A
  • information is gathered from human experts or from written sources to populate the knowledge base that needs to be first created: depository of facts
  • a rules base needs to be created; this is made up of a series of inference rules so that the inference engine can draw conclusions: set of inference rules for engine to draw conclusions
  • the inference engine itself needs to be set up; it is a complex system since it is the main processing element making reasoned conclusions from data in the knowledge base: makes use of rules base and knowledge base to find data that match the queries
  • the user interface needs to be developed to allow the user and the expert system to communicate
  • once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested; this is done by running the system with known outcomes so that results can be compared and any changes to the expert system made
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13
Q

define machine learning

A

ML is when a program has the ability to automatically adapt to its own processes and/or data

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14
Q

3 types of AI

A
  • narrow: A machine has superior performance to a human when doing one specific task
  • strong: Machine has superior performance to a human in many tasks
  • general: similar level as humans
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15
Q

define an automated system

A

a combination of software and hardware that is designed and programmed to work automatically without the need of human intervention

They often require human monitoring.

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16
Q

How do sensors, actuators and microprocessors collaborate together to create an automated system.

3 steps

A
  1. sensors take input from readings from their surroundings and send the analogue data through ADC ^ to a microprocessor/computer
  2. microprocessor process the data and take necessary action based on programming
  3. leads to output (e.g. actuator to control motors, wheels, solenoids etc.)

^ analogue-digital converter

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17
Q

Automated system: Industry| 2 examples

A
  1. nuclear power station
  2. manufacture of paracetamol
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18
Q

Automated system: Industry| 4+3 advantages in nuclear power stations and manufacture of paracetamol

A
  1. much faster than human operator to take necessary action
  2. much safer (can make timely interventions, keeps humans out of dangerous envirnments)
  3. process is run under optimum conditions because small changes can be detected quickly and fixed
  4. less expensive in the long run (replace workforce and work 24/7)
  5. more efficient use of materials
  6. higher productivity
  7. more consistent results

applicable to the manufacture of paracetamol

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19
Q

Automated system: Industry

4 disadvantages in nuclear power stations and manufacture of paracetamol

A
  1. expensive to set up and needs considerable testing
  2. possible for conditions to occus that weren’t used during testing, may have safety impocations
  3. prone to cyberattacks
  4. automated systems need enhanced maintenance which can be expensive
20
Q

Automated system: Transport

2 examples

A
  1. self parking cars
  2. adaptive cruise control
21
Q

Automated system: Transport| 5 advantages of self parking cars

A
  1. allows the same number of cars to use fewer parking spaces (cars can fit into smaller spaces)
  2. avoids traffic disruption in cities (takes less time than manual)
  3. fewer dents and scratches to cars
  4. safer system because everything is monitored
  5. consistent results
22
Q

Automated system: Transport| 4 disadvantages of self parking cars

A
  1. over-reliance on automated system can lead to them losing skill to drive/park well
  2. faulty/dirty sensor or cameras can send false data/images to the compiter
  3. expensive
  4. requires additional maintenance to ensure it functions correctly
23
Q

Automated System: Agriculture| 1 example

A

irrigation system

24
Q

Automated system: Agricultrue| 5 advantages

A
  1. reduce labour costs
  2. better and more effictient control
  3. better control of precious resources (e.g. water)
  4. faster response than manual
  5. safer
25
Q

Automated Systems: Agriculture| 3 disadvantages

A
  1. expensive to set up
  2. high maintenance costs (need specialist technicians to fix problems)
  3. increased need to maintain water channels because systems don’t pick up on them
26
Q

Automated Systems: Weather (stations)| 3 advantages

A
  1. Improved accuracy in weather prediction
  2. Ability to issue warnings in a timely manner
  3. Ability to collect large amounts of data quickly
27
Q

Automated Systems: Weather (stations)| 3 disadvantages

A
  1. May be affected by external factors like interference or equipment failure
  2. May not be 100% accurate all the time
  3. May require continuous monitoring and calibration
28
Q

Automated System: Lighting| 3 advantages

A
  1. Improved energy efficiency
  2. Ability to program lighting to suit different needs
  3. Reduced labour costs
29
Q

Automated System: Lighting| 3 disadvantages

A
  1. High initial investment
  2. May not be suitable for all types of lighting needs
  3. Maintenance costs can be high
30
Q

Automated System: Science| 3 advantages

A
  1. Improved speed and accuracy in data collection and analysis
  2. Ability to carry out complex experiments
  3. Reduced labour costs
31
Q

Automated Systems: Science| 3 disadvantages

A

1.High initial investment
2.May not be suitable for all types of experiments
3. May require significant technical expertise

32
Q

Automated Systems: Gaming| 3 advantages

A
  1. Improved speed and efficiency in game development
  2. Ability to create complex and interactive games
  3. Reduced labour costs
33
Q

Automated Systems: Gaming| 3 disadvantages

A
  1. May not be suitable for all types of games or game development
  2. May require significant programming expertise
  3. May be affected by technical glitches or bugs
34
Q

define Robotics

A

Robotics is a branch of computer science that incorporates the design, construction and operation of robots.

35
Q

Characteristics of a robot| 3 characteristics

A
  1. ability to sense their surroundings through sensors data sent to microprocessor/computer
  2. have a degree of movement mechanical structures containing motor, hydraulic pipes, actuators, circuit boards) electrical components make use of end effectors (different attatchments for different tasks)
  3. programmable have a controller that contains tasks
36
Q

Types of Physical robots| 2 types

A
  1. Independent (no direct human control - autonomous and replaces human activity)
  2. Dependent (human interfacing directly with robot - supplements human activity)
37
Q

Where are Robots used?| 6 examples

and why

A
  1. industry (manufacturing and assembly lines to increase productivity and accuracy)
  2. transport (warehouses and logistics to move and transport goods)
  3. agriculture (tasks such as planting, harvesting, and spraying crops)
  4. medicine (surgical procedures to increase precision and reduce risk of errors)
  5. domestic (home) use (vacuuming, lawn mowing, and cleaning)
  6. entertainment (toys or in amusement parks to provide entertainment - drones)
38
Q

Pros of the roles Robots are given| 4 advantages

A
  1. Increased productivity: robots can work continuously without breaks or fatigue
  2. Consistency and accuracy: robots can perform tasks with a high level of precision and accuracy
  3. Safety: robots can perform tasks that are dangerous or hazardous for humans
  4. Cost-effective: robots can help reduce labour costs in the long run
39
Q

Cons of the roles Robots are given| 4 disadvantages

A
  1. High initial investment: purchasing and setting up robots can be expensive
  2. Maintenance costs: robots require regular maintenance and repairs, which can add to the overall cost.
  3. Lack of flexibility: robots are programmed for specific tasks and cannot adapt easily to new situations or tasks.
  4. Unemployment: increased use of robots can lead to job loss in certain industries.
40
Q
A
41
Q

define Artificial Intelligence

A

AI is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers

42
Q

Goal of AI| 3 examples

A

simulate intelligent behaviour:
- problem solving
- decision making
- natural language processing

43
Q

Types of AI| 3 types

A
  • narrow AI (desigend to perform a specific task / set of tasks)
  • strong AI (designed to perform any intellectual task that a human can do
  • general AI (same as human)
44
Q

Characteristics of AI| 3 types

also include some info to each characteristic

A
  • Collection of data and rules (require large amounts of data and process it using rules and algorithms to make predictions)
  • Ability to reason (logical reasoning to evaluate information and making decisions)
  • Ability to learn and adapt (it can change its own rules and data)
45
Q

basic AI operations and components to simulate intelligent behaviour| 2 types

A
  1. Expert systems
  2. Machine learning
46
Q

characteristics of a type of AI system: expert system

4 points

A
  • have a knowledge base (a database of facts to generate rules that are used to solve problems and make decisions)
  • have a rule base (a set of rules or logic that is applied to specific problems)
  • have an inference engine (program that applies the rules to facts and solve problems)
  • have an interface (a way for users to interact with the system and provide input)
47
Q

characteristics of a type of AI system: machine learning

A
  • program has the ability to automatically adapt its own processes/data
  • algorithms analyse data and identify patterns or relationships
  • the system can learn from the data and improve its performance over time
  • can be supervised (using labelled data to train the system) or unsupervised (unlabelled data learning)

CS (9 decks)

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