t7-organic chemistry (2)

Question 1

alkene general formula

Answer 1

CnH2n

Question 2

what is an alkene

Answer 2

unsaturated hydrocarbons
have at least one C=C double bond

Question 3

formula for hydrogenation

Answer 3

alkene+hydrogen->alkane

Question 4

conditions for hydrogenation

Answer 4

catalyst

Question 5

formula for reaction with halogens and alkenes

Answer 5

alkene+halogen->halogenalkane

Question 6

what is the functional group in alcohols

Answer 6

-OH

Question 7

what is fermentation

Answer 7

an anaerobic process
glucose produces ethanol and carbon dioxide

Question 8

role of yeast in fermentation

Answer 8

-provides the enzymes needed
-if the yeast cells become too cold, fermentation happens very slowly
-if the yeast cells become too hot, their enzymes become denatured and fermentation stops

Question 9

conditions needed for fermentation

Answer 9

30-40 degrees
allow carbon dioxide, but prevent oxygen entering

Question 10

formula for hydration

Answer 10

alkene + steam-> alcohol
ethene+ steam-> ethanol

Question 11

conditions needed for hydration

Answer 11

very high temperatures
concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

Question 12

functionsl group for carboxylic acids

Answer 12

-COOH
ethanoic acid: CH3COOH

Question 13

4 properties of carboxylic acids

Answer 13

-dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
-react with metal to form salt and hydrogen
-react with bases to form salt and water
-react with carbonates to form salt water and carbon dioxide

Question 14

what are esters

Answer 14

organic compounds
functional group -COO-

Question 15

property of esters

Answer 15

sweet fruity smell

Question 16

general equation for making esters

Answer 16

carboxylic acid+alcohol->ester+water

Question 17

what is a polymer

Answer 17

long chain molecule made up of many repeating units

Question 18

what is the atom economy in all addition polymers

Answer 18

100% because there’s only one product

Question 19

what is needed for condensation polymerisation and what happens

Answer 19

-2 different monomers with the same 2 functional groups
-water is lost

Question 20

what are 4 natural polymers

Answer 20

dna->nucleotides
proteins->amino acids
starch->glucose
cellulose->glucose

Question 21

what do amino acids have

Answer 21

a tleast 2 functional groups: NH2 and COOH

Question 22

what are the 4 bases in DNA

Answer 22

A-adenine
C-cytosine
G-guanine
T-thymine

Question 23

what are the 2 pairs of bases in dna

Answer 23

adenine and thymine
cytosine and guanine

Question 24

what are DNA molecules

Answer 24

2 polymer chains made from 4 different monomers in the form of a double helix

Question 25

what are the 2 long strands of the polynucleotides in DNA held together by

Answer 25

intermolecular forces

Question 26

what is the observation and products of the reaction with alcohol and sodium

Answer 26

effervescence
hydrogen + sodium salt

Question 27

what is the pH of an alcohol dissolved in water

Answer 27

7

Question 28

what is the product when an alcohol reacts with an oxidising agent

Answer 28

carboxylic acid +water

Question 29

what is the observation and products of the reaction between carboxylic acids and metal carbonates

Answer 29

effervescence
salt+water+CO2

Question 30

what is the pH of carboxylic acid dissolved in water

Answer 30

3-5

Question 31

what are the products and conditions needed for reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol

Answer 31

ester+water
concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

Question 32

4 important properties of hydrocarbons which affect their utility

Answer 32

-flammability
-viscosity
-carbon chain length
-BP