Task 2

Question 1

Frequency method

Answer 1

Recording the number of times a particular behavior occurs within a time period

Question 2

Duration method

Answer 2

How long a particular behavior lasts

Question 3

Intervals method

Answer 3

Divide observation in discrete time intervals and record whether occurs within each interval; the intervals need to be short enough that only one instance of a behavior can occur during an interval

Question 4

Time sampling

Answer 4

Alternate between scanning the group for a specific period of time and then recording the observed behaviors for the next period

Appropriate when behavior occurs continuously rather than in short bursts over time

Question 5

Individual sampling

Answer 5

Select a single subject for observation over a given time period and record the observed behavior

Appropriate when you want to preserve the organization of an individual’s behavior over time rather than note how often particular behaviors occur

Question 6

Event sampling

Answer 6

Observe only one behavior and record all instances

Appropriate when one behavior of interest can be clearly defined and focused on

Question 7

Ethnography

Answer 7

A researcher becomes immersed in the behavioral / social system being studied

Question 8

Sociometry

Answer 8

Identifying and measuring interpersonal relationships within a group

Question 9

Case history

Answer 9

Deeper observations and reporting on a single case (or few cases); Case is the subject of the study

Question 10

Archival research

Answer 10

Studying existing records

Question 11

Content analysis

Answer 11

Analyzing a written, visual or spoken record for the occurrence of specific categories or events (e.g. pauses in a speech), items (e.g. negative comments) or behavior

Question 12

Information extraction

Answer 12

An advanced content analysis procedure using specialized information extraction techniques to study large databases such as medical records and e-books

Question 13

Behavioral measures

Answer 13

Direct, objective measures of behavior, which include frequency, latency (e.g. reaction time) and number of errors

Question 14

Physiological measures

Answer 14

Measuring the CNS (brain activity with fMRI, EEG, etc.) and PNS (heart rate, breathing etc.)

Question 15

Self-report measures

Answer 15

Subjective measures of what a person thinks / feels

Question 16

Implicit measures

Answer 16

Measures that measure unconscious responses (e.g. implicit association test)

Question 17

Reliability

Answer 17

The reliability of the measure is it’s ability to produce similar results when the measure is taken several times

Question 18

Margin of error

Answer 18

When measuring psychological variables, in which the problem is to estimate the average value of the variable in a
given population based on a sample drawn from that population, the precision of the estimate (its likely variation from sample to sample) is called the margin of error.

Question 19

Test-retest reliability (temporal consistency)

Answer 19

Applying the measure twice after a sufficient long time that the subject does not remember their previous answer

Question 20

Parallel-form reliability

Answer 20

Same as test-retest, but the second form is a different one, supposedly equivalent to the first one

Question 21

Split-half reliability

Answer 21

Two parallel forms of the same test are shuffled together and applied; then the results on the 2 forms are compared

Question 22

Validity

Answer 22

The validity of a measure is the extent to which it measures what you intend to measure

Question 23

Face validity

Answer 23

How well the measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure

Question 24

Content validity

Answer 24

How well the content of measure (e.g. a questionnaire) samples the knowledge, skills or behavior that it is intended to measure

Question 25

Criterion-related validity

Answer 25

How well the score on a test (measure) can be used to predict an individuals value on some criterion measure

Question 26

Concurrent validity

Answer 26

Scores on test and the criterion are collected at the same time; high concurrent validity means high correlation

Question 27

Predictive validity

Answer 27

Scores predict directly related behavior in the future

Question 28

Construct validity

Answer 28

How well does the questionnaire measure the underlying theoretical constructs (unobservable variable that is thought to reflect the behavior of interest based on some theory)
A questionnaire has high constructs validity if people who score high also behave as predicted by the theory

Question 29

Accuracy

Answer 29

The accuracy of a measure is the extend to which it produces results that agree with a known standard (e.g. a weight scale indicates X kg if a standard x-kg weight is placed on it)

Question 30

Range effects

Answer 30

They occur when the values of a variable have a lower or upper limit; Range effects limit the values of the highest (or lowest) data points, thus decreasing the differences among the group means, maybe to the extent that no statistically reliable difference will surface between the groups.

Question 31

Expectancy effects

Answer 31

A researcher may have preconceived ideas about how participants should behave and subtly communicates it to them, thus affecting their behavior

Question 32

Single-blind technique

Answer 32

The experimenter does not know which treatment a subject has been assigned to

Question 33

Double-blind technique

Answer 33

Neither the experimenter nor the participants know at the time of testing which treatments the participants are receiving

Question 34

Automating

Answer 34

The experimenter uses computers as much as possible to reduce experimenter bias

Question 35

Likert scale

Answer 35

Provides a series if statements which indicate degrees of agreement and disagreement

Question 36

Kuder-Richardson formula

Answer 36

Yields the average if all the split-half reliabilities that could be derived from splitting the questionnaire into two halves in every possible way