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Geography paper 1 > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

What volcanoes occur at a divergent boundary

A

Low viscosity

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2
Q

What earthquakes occur at a divergent boundary

A

Low magnitude

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3
Q

What volcanoes occur at a convergent boundary

A

high viscosity and high silicia content as large amount of gas released - Philiphenes

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4
Q

What earthquakes occur at a convergent boundary

A

High magnitude

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5
Q

what earthquakes occur at a collsion boundary

A

high magnitude

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6
Q

what earthquakes occur at a conservative boundary

A

high magnitude

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7
Q

4 theories of plate tectonics

A

Wegners continental drift, sea floor spreading , holmes heat hypothesis,paleo magnitism

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8
Q

4 primary hazards of volcano

A

ash fall, volcanic gas, pyroclastic flow, lava flow

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9
Q

secondary hazards of volcanos

A

jokulap , lahars

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10
Q

cause of intra plate volcano

A

hot spot- rising magma under weakness often cause less viscos eruptions

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11
Q

causes of intraplate earthquakes

A

ancient faults

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12
Q

4 parts of earth

A

core, athenosphere , lithosphere , crust

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13
Q

focus

A

where pressure is released underground

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14
Q

epicentre

A

point on surface directly above focus

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15
Q

what is a shallow focus

A

0-70km

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16
Q

what is a deep focus

A

70-700km

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17
Q

P waves

A

Fastest wave, least damage

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18
Q

L waves

A

most damage

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19
Q

S waves

A

make ground shake

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20
Q

wavelength of tsunami

A

long at sea, decreases as reaches land

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21
Q

amplitude of tsunami

A

short at sea, increases as reach land

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22
Q

velocity of tsuanmi

A

slows as reaches shallow water

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23
Q

Sign a tsuanmi is going to occur

A

Water is drawn back

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24
Q

Trends of tectonic disasters

A

remained the same - more people affected
more are being recorded s can look like they are more frequent

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25
Q

trends of hydro meterological disasters

A

more common - global warming has meant that more of the ocean is above 26.5 degrees

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26
Q

multiple hazard zones are

A

tectonically active, geologically young
hawaii

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27
Q

Forecasts

A

percentage chance

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28
Q

Seisometer

A

records minor earthquakes

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29
Q

tiltmeters

A

record volcanoes bulging

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30
Q

gas spectrometres

A

analyse gas emissions

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31
Q

MMS

A

measures amount of energy released ( 1-10)

32
Q

Mercalli scale

A

measures damage affects (1-12)

33
Q

VEI

A

meausures volume, duration and column height

34
Q

low VEI

A

0-3

35
Q

High VEI

A

4-7

36
Q

6 Features of hazard profile

A

magnitude, speed of onset, areal extent, duration, frequency , spatial predictability

37
Q

4 stages of hazard cycle

A

prevention , prepardness , response , recovery

38
Q

Urbanisation and vulnreability

A

higher death toll , more at risk. However better access to hospitals

39
Q

population density and vulnerability

A

high population density is hard to evacuate however isolated places are also difficult

40
Q

HDI

A

measures inequality

41
Q

good governance and vulnerability

A

meets day to day needs , aid reaches those who need it

42
Q

preparedness and vulnerability

A

land use zoning, monitoring system, education

43
Q

risk equation

A

risk = hazard x vulnerability / capacity to cope

44
Q

4 stages of PAR model

A

root causes ,dynamic pressure , unsafe condition , disaster

45
Q

Christchurch magnitude and date

A

6.3 - 22nd Feb 2011

46
Q

primary impacts of christchurch

A

185 dead, 3000 injured, cathedral collapsed, $28 billion of damge

47
Q

secondary impacts of christchruch

A

5 Rugby WC matches cancelled, liquefaction, 2 large aftershocks

48
Q

Nepal date and magnitude

A

25th April 2015, 7.8

49
Q

Primary impacts of Nepal

A

9000 dead, 19,000 injured

50
Q

Secondary impacts of Nepal

A

Himalayan avalanche killed 20, Tourism fell

51
Q

Why Nepal is so vulnreable

A

LIC so poor infrastructure and response, mountainous ,

52
Q

Tokohu Date and magnitude

A

11 March 2011, 9

53
Q

primary impacts of Tokohu - Japan HIC

A

15,000 dead, 9000 injured , nuclear station flooded, $235 billion of damage

54
Q

secondary impacts of Tokohu

A

aftershocks, landlsides, liquefaction , tsunami

55
Q

Boxing day date and magnitude

A

26th december 2004, 9.1

56
Q

Countries affected by Boxing day tsuami

A

Maldives, Malaysia, Indonesia , Thailand , India

57
Q

primary impacts of boxing day tsuanmi

A

220,000 dead, 650,000 injured fishing villages destroyed , $9.9billion damage

58
Q

Secondary impacts of boxing day tsunami

A

cholorea, lack of food

59
Q

Date of eyjafjallojokull

A

March - May 2010

60
Q

Primary impacts of eyjafjallojokull

A

large amounts of meltwater reacted with lava to form ash plumes
Ash destroyed crops houses and roads ,
airlines lost $130million a day

61
Q

Secondary impacts eyjafjallojokull

A

fresh food wasted , glacier flooded

62
Q

Good things about eyjafjallojokull

A

prevented 2.8 million tonnes of carbon being released, Eurostar increased, Plankton boomed ( remove more carbon)

63
Q

Haiti date and magnitude

A

12th Jan 2010, 7

64
Q

Primary impacts Haiti

A

220,00 dead, port damaged , 300,000 injured

65
Q

Secondary Impacts Haiti

A

Cholrea , crime increased , power shortages

66
Q

Bam magnitude and date

A

6.6 magnitude 26th december 2003

67
Q

Bam primary impacts

A

-26,000 dead many died due to hypethermia as trapped under buidings
- 3 hospitals destroyed
- $1.9billion of damage
- 80-90% of buildings collapsed

68
Q

what made haiti more vulnreable

A

only one airport and few main roads so it was difficult to distribute aid

69
Q

factors affecting volcanic eruption - type

A

basaltic or effusive

70
Q

factors affecting volcanic eruption - lava type

A

type and amount of lava as leads to high levels of pyroclastic flow

71
Q

human factors affecting impacts of tectonic activity

A

technology which reduces vulnerability
population density

72
Q

how are impacts measured

A

socially - deaths
economically - cost

73
Q

3 strategies to reduce impact

A

EWS
land use zoning
infrastructure - (defences and buildings)

74
Q

2 strategies to reduce loss

A

aid and insurance

75
Q

3 strategies to reduce vulnerability

A

education
monitoring
prepardness

76
Q

5 reasons that managing impacts of hazards varies between countries

A
  • development
  • governance
  • physical characteristics of a region
  • infrastructure
  • EWS
  • education ( Japan)
77
Q

how Japan reduces vulnerability

A

earthquake day every year where people are educated on how to deal with an eq
constant monitoring linked to peoples phones

Geography paper 1 (4 decks)

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