tectonics

Question 1

how did governments in the middle east try to mitigate future earthquakes

Answer 1

-focus on training local comunities
-raise community awareness
-turkey released leaflets on risk areas and advise on making homes safer

Question 2

how did recent building practices contribute to disaster

Answer 2

-aesismic building practices were lost due to urbanisation which replaced traditional building materials and methods with rapid cheap construction
-weak buildings kill people

Question 3

what are hazard profiles

Answer 3

-a physical description of specific hazards and determination of descriptions
-allows tectonic disasters to be compared which allows a better understanding of the nature of hazards and therefore the risks associated

Question 4

haiti and christchurch comparison

Answer 4

-similiar magnitude and duration however it differed in number of deaths due to prevention and prepardness as well as governance.
-christchurch had higher economic losses due to being greater developed

Question 5

Vanatu risk due to geographical location

Answer 5

-consists of 65 inhabited islands in the pacific
-in a zone of tectonic complexity with several micro plates and subduction of the australian plate under the pacific
-volcanos such as mount yasur and mount gaua were active in the last decade.
-isolated islands

Question 6

Vanatu risk due to to human activity

Answer 6

-no mobile service
-lack of resources
-poverty
-undernourshment
-low coping capacity
-low adaptibilty
-low adaptibility due to limited education

Question 7

Tsunami DART system

Answer 7

-early warning sytem to alert tsunami
-seabed sensors and surface bouys to moniter changes in sea level and pressure
-sends signals to satellites which sends to signal stations

Question 8

jokulhlaup

Answer 8

-a flood of meltwater issuing from underneath an ice cap or glacier
-happens when a volcano erupts underneath the ice so the ice creates a lake.
-seen in iceland

Question 9

pyroclastic flows

Answer 9

-are a dense mixture of super heated tephra (all types of ejected material) and poiseness gases
- seen in chances peak were they destroyed the capital town leaving 350000 people to be evacuated

Question 10

Lahar

Answer 10

-water mixed with volcanic deposits flowing rapidly caused by heavy rainfall
-fast velocity
-nevado del ruiz volcano

Question 11

tephra

Answer 11

-rock particles and debris ejected by volcanic eruptions

Question 12

hydro-meteorological hazard

Answer 12

-a hazard relating to weather or weather patterns such as tropical storms,floods and droughts.

Question 13

slow onset and rapid onset

Answer 13

-slow onset is the secondary effects that appear over time
-rapid onset is the events such as an earthquakes

Question 14

the philipines - a multihazard zone

Answer 14

-the philipenes sit across a major convergent plate boundary, places significant risk of volcanoes and earthqaukes
-north and east coasts face the pacific (the most tsunami prone coast
-lies within the south east asia major tyhpoon belt, brings heavy rain and winds
-tropical monsoon climate
-47 volcanoes 22 are active
-steep topography landsides are common

Question 15

the philipines vunerability

Answer 15

-fast growing population, rapid urbanisation and poverty
-high population density
-poor live in coastal areas, where coastal flooding, tsunamis are made worse due to poor infrastructure
-25% of the population live in poverty

Question 16

the philipenes 2006 earthqauke

Answer 16

-killed 15 injured 100 damaged destroyed 800 buildings
-local tsunami 3 metres high
-triggered landslides creating a flood that washed away houses
-

Question 16

the philipenes 2006 earthqauke

Answer 16

-killed 15 injured 100 damaged destroyed 800 buildings
-local tsunami 3 metres high
-triggered landslides creating a flood that washed away houses
-

Question 17

whats a hazard

Answer 17

-an event that distrupts normal daily homes or work routines

Question 18

what is a disaster

Answer 18

-upset in a community and 500 deaths and more

Question 19

whats a mega disaster

Answer 19

-over 2000 deaths
-over 200,000 made homeless
-a countries gdp is reduced by at least 5%
-depends on aid from abroad for a year or more

Question 20

why is the mms scale used more than the richter scale

Answer 20

-uses all the energy released by shockwaves as well as the area of rupture and movement

Question 21

how do we measure damage caused by earthqaukes

Answer 21

-economic cost
-facility count
-insured losses

Question 22

what is the vei

Answer 22

-relative of explosiveness
-volcanic explosiveness index
-volume of product
-eruption cleared height

Question 23

mount merapi 2010 eruption

Answer 23

-destructive plate margin
-rise of vegetable prices
-270 fatalities
-300,000 displaced
-over crowded aid centres
-australian plate subducted beneath euro asian plate

Question 24

mount EFJ

Answer 24

-iceland 2010
-100,000 commercials flight cancelled
-1.3 bil airline revenue lost
-kenyan exports of flowers lost 1.3 mil of revenue per day
-north american and tunisean plate moved apart

Question 25

Deggs model

Answer 25

-a visual representation of the risk to people
-combination of physical factors such as magnitude and human factors such as lack of knowledge

Question 26

PAR model

Answer 26

-pressure and release model
-suggests what actions should be made to reduce risk
-suggests what should be tackles such as root causes, dynamic pressure, unsafe living conditions

Question 27

Japan tohoku 2011 earthquake

Answer 27

-Magnitude of 9.0
-resulted in sea water displacement causing a 2m high tsunami, also killing one in california (cresent city docks)
-damaged the fukishima power plant forcing 47,000 to be displaced
-fewer deaths than haiti and china however

Question 28

Haiti earthquake 2010

Answer 28

-shallow focus resulting in increased amount of ground shaking
-liquefaction on looser soil caused buildings to sink
-the epicentre is 24km away from the citys capital
-magnitude of 7
-316,000 dead or missing
-1.3 million made homeless
-14 billion in costs
-1300 gdp per capita