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Geography > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a natural hazard

A

A natural event that has a huge social impact

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2
Q

What are 3 types of natural hazards?

A

Volcano
Earthquake
Tsunami

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3
Q

3 factors affecting hazard risk

A
  • Developed or less developed
  • Urbanisation or population density
  • Climate change (higher sea level, more flood)
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4
Q

Plate tectonic theory

A

The Earth is split up into Tectonic Plates which are moved by convection currents found in the mantle

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5
Q

Global distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and the relationship to plate margins

A

They are distributed widely across the Earth, and they follow the plate boundaries (e.g. earthquakes and volcanoes in Mid-Atlantic ridge) , however some are found in the middle of the plate (e.g. volcanoes in Pacific Ocean in Hawaii)

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6
Q

Movement of constructive plate boundaries

A

Away from each other

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7
Q

Earthquakes, volcanoes or both in a constructive plate boundary

A

Volcanoes are generally less explosive and have a shield shape

Sometimes get earthquakes

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8
Q

Example of a constructive plate boundary

A

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Pacific Ocean

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9
Q

Movement of destructive plate boundaries

A

Plates move towards each other
The oceanic plate subducts underneath the continental plate

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10
Q

What happens when there is a destructive plate boundary of 2 continental plates moving toward each other?

A

They are of the same density
So one cannot be subducted
They create fold mountains

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11
Q

Earthquakes, volcanoes or both in a destructive plate boundary

A

Friction between the plates cause earthquakes

The subducted oceanic plate melting results in violent volcanic activity
Volcanoes are composite - tall/ steep-sided

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12
Q

Example of a destructive plate boundary

A

The Nazca plate (oceanic crust) subducting beneath the South American plate (continental)

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13
Q

Movement of conservative plate boundaries

A

They move side by side

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14
Q

Earthquakes, volcanoes or both in a conservative plate boundary

A

Will ONLY get earthquakes (from the release of friction)

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15
Q

Example of a conservative plate boundary

A

The San Andreas vault in California - where the Pacific Plate slides past the North American Plate

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16
Q

Primary effects of an earthquake

A

Property, buildings and homes destroyed
People injured and killed
Water/gas pipes and electricity cables broken

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17
Q

Secondary effects of an earthquake

A

Business reduced and money spent repairing damages - economy slows
Burst water pipes - lack of clean water and sanitation, increasing the spread of diseases
Broken gas pipes/ fallen electricity cables - start fires, further destroying property and killing people

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18
Q

Primary effects of volcanic eruptions

A

Property and farmland destroyed (lava flow and ash)
People and livestock injured and killed (lava flow and ash)
Air travel halted (volcanic ash damaging engines)
Water supplies contaminated

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19
Q

Secondary effects of volcanic eruptions

A

Economy slows
Emergency services struggle to arrive
Ice melts, causing flooding - flood water or rain mixes with volcanic ash, causing mudflows, destroying property and killing people

20
Q

Immediate responses to a tectonic hazard

A

Search + rescue teams
Providing shelter, food and drink
Setting up field hospitals
Water purification kits
Extinguish fires

21
Q

Long term responses to a tectonic hazard

A

Repairing roads
Rebuilding houses, schools
Educating people how to act during disaster
More regulations when building buildings - earthquake proof
Restore utilities (water, gas, electricity)

22
Q

Gorka earthquake - how many deaths?

A

9000 deaths

23
Q

Gorka earthquake - how many injuries?

A

20 000 injured

24
Q

Gorka earthquake - how many homeless?

A

3 million homeless

25
Q

Gorka earthquake - how many schools destroyed?

A

7000 schools destroyed

26
Q

Gorka earthquake - what number on the Richter scale?

A

7.9 on the Richter scale

27
Q

L’Aquilla earthquake - how many deaths?

A

309 deaths

28
Q

L’Aquilla earthquake - how many injured?

A

1500 injured

29
Q

L’Aquilla earthquake - how many homeless?

A

40 000 homeless

30
Q

L’Aquilla earthquake - how much on the Richter scale

A

6.3 on the Richter scale

31
Q

Gorka, Nepal earthquake - secondary effects

A

Landslides + avalanches - blocked roads

Avalanche on Mount Everest - killed 19 people

32
Q

L’Aquilla, Italy earthquake - secondary effects

A

Landslides

Mudflow - caused by a burst water main

33
Q

Gorka, Nepal earthquake - immediate responses

A

1/2 million tents were given out
Lots of financial aid from other countries
Search + rescue teams arrived from UK, India and China
There used helicopters - mountainous areas are harder to reach

34
Q

L’Aquilla, Italy earthquake - immediate responses

A

Hotels provided shelter for homeless people + tents were distributed
Italian Red Cross did search and rescue - they distributed water, hot meals, towels + blankets
Declared a state of emergency - international countries can put money into helping them

35
Q

Gorka, Nepal earthquake - long term responses

A

Roads repaired
$274 million aid money committed to recovery
Buildings rebuilt, including 7000 schools
2015- international conference- Nepal learnt how they could improve their response + buildings from other countries
Homeless people rehoused

36
Q

L’Aquilla, Italy earthquake - long term responses

A

Historical buildings - expected to take up to 15 years to rebuild

Residents didn’t have to pay tax for a year

Rebuilding roads/ infrastructure/ homes

37
Q

State some ECONOMIC reasons as to why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazards

A

It may be cheaper to stay than move

They can farm the nutrient rich soil to help agriculture

Tourism creates jobs + provides income

38
Q

State some SOCIAL reasons as to why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazards

A

People want to stay near friends and family

The threat may not be great enough, or people don’t understand the risk

39
Q

How can MONITORING reduce the risk of a volcanic eruption?

A

Monitor ground surface and river temperatures using thermal heat sensors

Radon and sulphur gas using gas-trapping bottles

40
Q

How can PREDICTION reduce the risk of a volcanic eruption?

A

Volcanoes are easier to predict than earthquakes as they usually give advance warning signals before erupting

41
Q

How can PROTECTION reduce the risk of a volcanic eruption?

A

Buildings cannot be designed to completely protect against eruption impacts

Evacuation instructed by authorities

42
Q

How can PLANNING reduce the risk of a volcanic eruption?

A

Evacuation

Education - knowing what to do

First aid training

43
Q

How can MONITORING reduce the risk of a earthquake?

A

Foreshocks using seismometers and GPS (Global Positioning System Satellites)

Radon using radon detection devices

(Harder to monitor)

44
Q

How can PREDICTION reduce the risk of a earthquake?

A

It’s extremely difficult to predict time, date or exact location

45
Q

How can PROTECTION reduce the risk of a earthquake?

A

Building and transport infrastructure design (e.g. foundation with rubber shock absorbers - these are expensive though)

Sea walls in case of tsunamis

46
Q

How can PLANNING reduce the risk of a earthquake?

A

Practice drills

Securing objects/ furniture

Preparing emergency supplies and location of evacuation centres

Geography (7 decks)

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