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Anatomy and Physiology > Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrient pools

A
  • are built up storage of nutrients (amino acids/carbs/fats)
  • will form when a molecule is taken into the body, but is not needed for energy, growth, or maintenance

We can take glucose that is not needed at the moment and store it as glycogen

We can take amino acids and form structural or functional proteins

CO2 is waste, urine is waste

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2
Q

Pathways for interconversion

A

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis

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3
Q

Gluconeogenesis (Pathways for Interconversion)

A

The process of creating glucose or glucose derivatives from non-carbohydrate sources

  • Proteins can be deaminated and converted to Krebs cycle intermediates
  • Lipids can be converted to Krebs cycle intermediates
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4
Q

Glycogenesis (Pathways for Interconversion)

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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5
Q

Absorptive State

A

Occurs when digesting a meal
-Getting nutrients into our body

High levels of nutrients (like glucose) in the bloodstream

Anabolic reactions occur
-Leads to storage molecules

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6
Q

Postabsorptive State

A

Long periods between meals cause this to occur

Nutrient levels are low in the bloodstream

Leads to break down of storage molecules
-These are catabolic reactions

Occurs when blood glucose is low

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7
Q

What are major indicators to switch between absorptive and postabsorptive states?

A

Blood glucose levels in the body

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8
Q

Hormonal control

A

insulin

glucagon

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9
Q

Insulin (hormonal control)

A

Causes a reduction in blood glucose

Released during the absorptive state
-High levels of blood glucose cause the release of insulin

Causes an uptake of glucose by cells
The cells oxidate the glucose for energy

Promotes the production of glycogen

Also related to protein synthesis

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10
Q

Glucagon (hormonal control)

A

Causes an increase in blood glucose

Released during the postabsorptive state
-Low blood glucose levels stimulates the release of glucagon

Promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis

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11
Q

Neural controls

A

sympathetic stimulation

epinphrine

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12
Q

Sympathetic stimulation (neural control)

A

Low blood glucose levels cause sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue
-Brings fat out of storage
Breakdown of adipose tissue

  • Causes an increase in energy production
  • Occurs in the postabsorptive state
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13
Q

Epinephrine (neural controls)

A

Neurotransmitter used for sympathetic stimulation

Can be released from the adrenal medulla

Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla increases epinephrine levels in the blood

  • Epinephrine acts on the liver and skeletal muscles to release glycogen
  • Can act on adipose tissue to release material for energy

Causes glycogenolysis and lipolysis to occur

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14
Q

Role of liver in cholesterol regulation

A

The liver binds cholesterol to lipoproteins

The liver produces very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) carries cholesterol to cells

85% of cholesterol is made by the liver

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15
Q

The liver binds cholesterol to lipoproteins (Role of liver in cholesterol regulation)

A

Cholesterol is fat soluble and cannot travel through the bloodstream freely

Cholesterol is bound to lipoproteins
-Lipoproteins act as carrier molecules

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16
Q

The liver produces very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Role of liver in cholesterol regulation

A

VLDL is converted to LDL in the liver

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17
Q

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) carries cholesterol to cells

Role of liver in cholesterol regulation

A

High levels of LDL leads to cholesterol build-up on the walls of blood vessels

As LDL delivers cholesterol to cells, LDL is converted to HDL
-HDL is high-density lipoproteins

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18
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

Metabolic rate for life essential reactions

Must be measured under certain conditions

19
Q

Must be measured under certain conditions (BMR)

A

Postabsorptive state
-No eating 12 hours prior to testing

Must be relaxed as possible

Must be reclined

20
Q

Two common ways to measure BMR

A

calorimeter

respirometer

21
Q

Calorimeter (way to measure BMR)

A

Measured by lowering someone in water

Measures the heat generated in the water
-Measure the change in water temperature

Most accurate measure of BMR

22
Q

RESPIROmeter (way to measure BMR)

A

Measures O2 consumed or CO2 produced using a respirometer

Indirectly measures energy expended

23
Q

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)

A

Occurs during activity

Include basal metabolic rate + the energy consumed to do activity

24
Q

Describe how body temperature is regulated, and identify factors that increase/decrease body temperature.

A

Humans are warm-blooded (homeothermic)

Blood is our method of heat exchange

Our body is a balance of heat production and heat loss

25
Q

Humans are warm-blooded (homeothermic)

Describe how body temperature is regulated, and identify factors that increase/decrease body temperature

A

Stable internal body temperature independent of the external environment

Humans stabilize around 37*C

26
Q

Blood is our method of heat exchange

Describe how body temperature is regulated, and identify factors that increase/decrease body temperature

A

When hot, blood is sent to the surface to release heat

When cold, blood is brought to the core to prevent heat loss

27
Q
  1. Radiation (heat exchange)
A

Heat always moves from hot to cold

-Heat leaves the body and moves to the colder external environment

28
Q
  1. conduction (heat exchange)
A

When a transfer of heat occurs when two things come in physical contact
-Heat will be transferred directly from the warmer object to the colder object

29
Q
  1. Convection (heat exchange)
A

Warm air rises, cold air sinks

Movement of heat due to air currents

30
Q
  1. Evaporation (heat exchange)
A

When a liquid converts to a gas, it takes heat with it

Sensible water loss
-Occurs during sweating

Insensible water loss
-Water loss due to things other than sweating
-Losing water through breathing out
When you breathe out, water vapor is expelled

-Urination is another example of insensible water loss

31
Q

Heat-Promoting Mechanisms

A 
vasccontrcition
increase metabolic rate
shivering
thyroxine release
behavioral mechanism
32
Q

Vasoconstriction

Heat-Promoting Mechanisms

A

Decrease the flow of blood to the skin

Heat loss is reduced

Body temperature increases

33
Q

Increase Metabolic Rate

Heat-Promoting Mechanisms

A

Metabolic activity increases heat production

In adults, the adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine

  • Causes an increase in cellular respiration
  • Creates heat

Non-shivering thermogenesis

34
Q

Shivering

Heat-Promoting Mechanisms

A

Involuntary skeletal muscle contractions that produce heat

Pilomotor response
-Contraction of the arrector pili muscle makes hair stand up straight to trap warm air

Shivering thermogenesis

35
Q 
Thyroxine release
(Heat-Promoting Mechanisms)
A

Babies and infants can release thyroid hormone to increase metabolic activity
-Metabolic activity increases heat

Lose this mechanism as you age

36
Q

Behavioral mechanisms (Heat-Promoting Mechanisms)

A

If we lose heat at the surface of the body, we put on clothes

We can choose to become physically active to increase heat production

We can change posture

  • Curling into a ball decreases the surface area in contact with the air
  • Preserves heat

We can drink something warm to make the core temperature higher

37
Q

Heat loss mechanisms

A

vasodilation
sweating
behavioral mechanisms

38
Q

Vasodilation

Heat loss mechanisms

A

Increase blood flow to the surface of the skin; increases heat exchange/loss at skin surface

39
Q

Sweating

Heat loss mechanisms

A

Activate certain glands to release fluid through our skin

Sweat glands release a watery secretion

Water on top of the skin can evaporate and carry heat away from the body

40
Q 
Behavioral mechanisms
(Heat loss mechanisms)
A

We can stop being active to decrease muscle contractions
-This will decrease heat production

We can find a cool surrounding (go from sun into the shade)

We can lose more heat
wearing light/loose clothing
-Wearing light and loose clothing makes you cooler than being naked

We can wet the surface of the body by getting into a body of cool water

41
Q

Mechanism for the generation of a fever.

A

Cells release pyrogens
-Typically due to the inflammatory response

Pyrogens cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins

Prostaglandins reset the internal thermostat

Vasoconstriction and shivering result

Body temperature increases

42
Q

Hypothermia

A

exposure death

Body is in peril if the body temperature drops below 95*F

As body temperature decreases, shivering occurs to help increase body temperature

Shivering becomes uncontrollable

Shivering eventually stops, a person becomes sleepy and dies

43
Q

Hyperthermia can ….

A

destroy cancerous tumors

Beam intense heat at the tumor to burn it.

44
Q

More about hypothermia

A

is being used in medicine to allow doctors more time to fix things at a slower pace. The body is then warmed to the appropriate temperature.

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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