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E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically > Teratogens > Flashcards

Teratogens Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a teratogens?

A

A compound that can interfere with embryonic or foetal development.

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2
Q

Name the 4 types of teratogen?

A
  1. Morphological disfigurement
  2. Cognitive/behavioural effects
  3. Developmental delay.
  4. Can manifest in puberty
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3
Q

Name the 4 classes of teratogens?

A

Drugs (prescribed or recreational)

Environmental

Infectious agents

Radiation

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4
Q

Prescribed drugs?

A

Role of chemical agents and medication in the production of abnoramalities in humans are difficult to assses.

Large variety of drugs avaiable

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5
Q

Harm potential varies for prescribed?

Depend on?

A
  • Type of drug
    • Does it cross the placenta
    • Metabolites poisonous to the embryo
  • Time of exposure
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6
Q

What type of drugs are harmful?

A

All have the potential to be harmful

Depends on the dose

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7
Q

Name the 5 categories of drugs during pregnancy?

A

A

B

C

D

X

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8
Q

A type drugs?

A

Safe to take

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9
Q

B type drugs?

A

No risk found during animal studies (and no human studies)

or

Risk for animal studies but not humans

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10
Q

C type drugs?

A

No studies on animals or humans

or

It effects animal models but dont know how

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11
Q

D type drugs?

A

Risk

Benefits > risk

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12
Q

X type drugs?

A

Risk are too high

Do not take at all

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13
Q

What is the effect of drugs during the first 20 days of pregnancy?

A

All or nothing

ie. the embryo is either terminated or survives without any defects

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14
Q

What is the effects of drugs during weeks 3-8?

A

High risk as this is the period of organ development.

If it effects one organ it will effect them all

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15
Q

What is the effects of drugs during the 2nd-3rd timester?

A

Each organ is effected individually.

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16
Q

Thalidomide?

A

Antinauseant and sleeping pill

Prescribed to relieve morning sickness

Affects limb development of the embryo

17
Q

Thalidomide resurgent?

A

Originally banned due to its effect on the embryo.

Back in use for males and non-reproductive age females only.

18
Q

Recreational drugs?

A

Not necessary illegal (eg. alcohol tobacco).

Illegal drugs have not been tested and vary in purity (therefore dose).

19
Q

Alcohol?

A

It readily crosses the placental barrier.

The embryo is unable to metabolism it efficiently.

20
Q

Foetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Structural defects

Growth

Intellectual disability

21
Q

Name 6 environemntal teratogens?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Stress
  3. Tobacco smoke
  4. Dioxins
  5. Pesticides
  6. Heavy metals
22
Q

Heat?

A

>38.9 degrees

Neural tube defects

23
Q

Finland paradox?

A

A large amount of sauna use.

If the whole body temp reaches 39 degrees then it will effect the baby

24
Q

Stress?

A

Affects circulation

Can interfere wth foetal blood supply

25
Q

Heavy metals?

Examples

A

Fish contains high levels of organic mercury (accumination by big fish eating small fish who eat other small fish)

Multiple neurological symptoms of embryos with mothers that had a fish based diet

26
Q

Mercury (Hg)

A

Biggest source is fish.

esp. top predators like tuna.

Can cause limb defects

27
Q

Lead (Pb)

A

Leach out of materrnal bone into circulation

Low birth weight, blindness etc.

28
Q

Dioxin?

A

eg. PCB

Major pollutant.

Binds to AH (transcription factor)

Effects liver function

29
Q

PCBs?

A

When incinerated can produce dioxins.

Banned

Effects embryo by sex

Common tagets were external genitals, brain and skeleton

30
Q

Yusho/Yu-Cheng incident?

A

Oil disease.

PCB contaminated the ric oil

Embryo had smaller penises and dark colored heads.

Some of the females that were exposed were not pregnant at the time but when they got pregnant a few years later, still effected the embryo

31
Q

Name 3 infectious agents?

A
  • Viruses
    • Rubella, HSV, CMV
  • Bacteria
    • Syphillus
    • Mental deficiency
  • Protozoa
    • Get it from cats
      • Blindness
32
Q

Two types of radiation

A
  1. Non-ionisng
  2. Ionising
33
Q

Non-ionising radiation?

A

Safe

Such as microwave, ultrasound

34
Q

Ionising radiation?

A

Particles

X-rays, gamma rays

35
Q

What can ionising radiation cause?

A

Tissue damage.

  1. Deterministic effects
    1. Cellular ingury
    2. Threshold dose.
  2. Stochastic effects
    1. Induction of mutations
    2. no threshold
    3. a single ray will cause it)
36
Q

<0.05 radiation exposure?

A

No known cancer effects

37
Q

0.05 to 0.5 radiation exposure?

A

Depending on the time of exposure

Early stage of pregnancy: failure to implant

Later stage: no known effects

38
Q

>0.5?

A

Major effect always

E: Human Morphogenesis and Embryologically (15 decks)

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