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Marine 2023 > Term 1 > Flashcards

Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many people drowned in australia from july 2021 to june 2022

A

339

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2
Q

what percentage of drowing victims were female and male 2021 - 2022

A

18% female 82% male

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3
Q

highest age groups for drowings

A

65-74, 35-44, 25-34

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4
Q

top locations fro drownings

A

rivers/creek, beach, ocean/harbour

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5
Q

red flag

A

no swimming

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6
Q

red and yellow flag

A

safe area supervised by lifeguards to swimbetween flags

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7
Q

yellow flag

A

swim with caution - potential hazards

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8
Q

red and white flag

A

evacuate the water

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9
Q

black and white flag

A

surfcradft riding area boundary

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10
Q

beach hazards

A

sun, rip currents, marine stingers, waves/movement of water, submerged and unsibmerged objects, barnacles and oysters

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11
Q

rip current

A

bodys of water on the shore moving to sea in deeper channels

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12
Q

why do people drown in rip currents?

A

they panic and use up all their energy trying to swim against the rip or thrash and drown, they arent aware or educated about them

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13
Q

signs of a rip current

A

debri, sand washed up, calm water, no waves breaking

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14
Q

saftest place the swim on beach

A

between the flags or where there are the most waves breaking with whitewash

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15
Q

how do you survive a rip current

A

dont panic, observe surrounds, float, swim parrallel to rip, signal for help, let it carry you out

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16
Q

why does the ocean matter?

A

acts as a regulator

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17
Q

does the ocean store gasses?

A

the ocean stores enourmous amoutns of gasses such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen which are dissolved thorugh the water cycle.

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18
Q

does ocean produce oxygen

A

yes, ocean produces (60% or earths) oxygen through photosynthesis by phytoplankton in the photic zone of oceans

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19
Q

how impactful is ocean for worlds food supply

A

ocean produces 18% of worlds protein and as much as 40% in developong countreis

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20
Q

what are other ways the ocean has an impact?

A

provides essential means for transport of resources and goods, mining produces much of worlds minerals and resources from the ocean floor, tourism - overs 350 million people anually travel to coral reef coasts of the world, ocean is beautiful and spiritual

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21
Q

marine enviroment

A

aquatic enviroments with high level of dissolved salt, consists of differnet types of ecosystems and occur in 3 main areas of the earth

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22
Q

what are the 3 main areas for marine enviroments

A

coastal enviroments - neritic/littoral
open ocean - pelagic
sea floor enviroments - benthic

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23
Q

neritic zone

A

the region of shallow water (200 meters depth) above the continental shelf where light penetrates to the sea floor.

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24
Q

littorial zone

A

the area close to the shore and extending out to the edge of the continental shelf

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25
Q

pelagic zone

A

he region of the ocean outside the coastal areas

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26
Q

benthic zone

A

the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream

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27
Q

examples of different types of marine enviroments and ecosystems

A

coral reef, rock pools, coastal lakes/esturies, deltas, rivers, coastal wetlands, abyssal planes, deep ocean trencehs

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28
Q

factors that determine the types of different ecosytems found

A

depth, light, pressure, oxygen, temperature, salt

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29
Q

guyot

A

A guyot, or seamount, is an undersea mountain.
Seamounts are formed by volcanic activity and can be taller than 10,000 feet

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30
Q

how is the ocean floor mapped

A

through sounding - when sound is sent froma ships transmitter to the ocean bottom at an angle, the sound bounces back to the sjip at the same angle and picked up by the receiver

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31
Q

speed of sound in water

A

1507 metres per second

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32
Q

formula for measuring ocean depth

A

D = V x 1/2 T

d= depth
t= time
v = speed of sound in water

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33
Q

DRSABCD

A

danger - response - send for help- airway - dreathing - CPR - defibrillation

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34
Q

first aid for snake bite, blue-ringed octopus, cone shell sting

A
  1. if on limb, apply broad pressure bandage over bite site
  2. apply firm heavy crepe or elasticised roller bandage starting just above fingers or toes and moving upwards on the bitten limb
  3. apply bandage as tightly as possible
  4. immobolise bandaged limb using splints
  5. seek medical aid
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35
Q

first aid for box jellyfish, irukandji, morbakka, jimble jellyfish, or other tropical jellyfish sting

A
  1. immediently flood entire stung area with vinegar for 30 seconds, do not use fresh water
  2. seek meical aid
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36
Q

first aid for bluebottle and other nontropical jellyfish stings, stinging fish, stingray, crowns of thornes starfish, sea urchin

A
  1. heat water to as hot as tolerable
  2. place stung area in hot water for 20min
    3 remove breifly then reimmerse
  3. repeat
  4. seek medical aid
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37
Q

first aid jelly fish sting

A
  1. apply cold pack for 15 minutes
  2. chnage coldpack when necessary
  3. seek medical aid if pain persists
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38
Q

what are tides

A

very long-period waves that move through the ocean in response to the forces exerted by the moon and sun

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39
Q

what causes tides

A

the gravitational forces between the earth, the moon and the sun.

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40
Q

how long does it take for the moon to rotate aroundthe earth

A

27.3 days

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41
Q

how long is a lunar day

A

24hrs and 50mins

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42
Q

how many high and low tides are there on average each day

A

2 high 2 low

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43
Q

does the moon or sun have greater gravitational effect

A

the moon, as it is closer. sun has significant effect when in alligment with the earth and the moon

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44
Q

spring tide

A

a tide just after a new or full moon, when there is the greatest difference between high and low tides

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45
Q

neap tides

A

a tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is least difference between high and low water

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46
Q

sun and earth position for a spring tide

A

when sun, earth and moon are alligned

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47
Q

tidal range

A

the difference between high and low tide

48
Q

how does full moon affect tides

A

Creating extra high high tides and extra low low tides

49
Q

how does a new moon affect tides

A

larger tidal range

50
Q

what happens to the tidal difference during 1st quater and last quater moon phase

A

smaller tidal range

51
Q

how do tides affect marine enviroment

A

movement of wateer in and out of esteries, platform creatures rely on tide, animal movement, errosion, currents nutrients

52
Q

estury

A

partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it

53
Q

how do tides affect humans

A

water recreation, fishing, etc.

54
Q

ecosystem

A

refers to all the plants and animals that live together in their enviroment

55
Q

what is an enviroment made up of

A

all living things (biotic) and non living (biotic) elements

56
Q

abiotic elements

A

nutrients, water, gases, sunlight

57
Q

how do ecosystems get their energy

A

from the sun which is used as energy for photosynthesis by plants which is then eaten by animals and sitributed in the ecosystem

58
Q

marine plants

A

phytoplankton, algea, sea grasses or kelp

59
Q

food chains and food webs

A

show the flow of energy through an ecosystem - food webs show simple linear flow and dood webs show the multiple connections amoung different types of organisms

60
Q

food chains are made up of….

A

decomposers, producers and consumers

61
Q

producers

A

plants - autotrophs

62
Q

consumers

A

animals - heterotrophs

63
Q

decomposers

A

bacterisa, fungi, alegea, scavengers - heterotrophs

64
Q

does the same amount of energy at the bottom make it to the top?

A

no, as little as 10% of the energy at the tropic level is transferred to the next lebel - rest is laergely lost through metabolic processes as heat of stored in tissue

65
Q

trophic level

A

organims that eat the same types of food ina food chain belonging to the same trophiv level

66
Q

what determines the number of consumers, trophic level and apex predators that can be supported

A

the size and energy and richness of the producer level

67
Q

trophic pyramid

A

a pyramid that shows the loss of energy through the trophic pyramids s you move throug each level

68
Q

bathymetry

A

the study of the “beds” or “floors” of water bodies, including the ocean, rivers, streams, and lakes

69
Q

Continental shelf

A

a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water

70
Q

Pelagic zone

A

ecological realm that includes the entire ocean water column

71
Q

Pelagic zone

A

pelagic zone refers to the open, free waters away from the shore, where marine life can swim freely in any direction unhindered by topographical constraints

72
Q

bathyal/ bathypelagic

A

relating to the zone of the sea between the continental shelf and the abyssal zone

73
Q

abyssal / abbyssal pelagic

A

the depths or bed of the ocean, especially between about 3000 and 6000 metres down.

74
Q

hadal

A

the zone of the sea greater than 6000 m in depth

75
Q

continental slope

A

the slope between the outer edge of the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor.

76
Q

abyssal plain

A

a flat region of the ocean floor, usually at the base of a continental rise

77
Q

oceanic ridge

A

a long, seismically active submarine ridge system situated in the middle of an ocean basin and marking the site of the upwelling of magma associated with sea-floor spreading.

78
Q

ocean trenches

A

long, narrow depressions on the seafloor

79
Q

aphotic zone

A

the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight

80
Q

photic zone

A

the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis

81
Q

ocean zonation

A

The classification of areas of the sea into different zones depending on the abiotic and biotic composition of factors that make the habitat unique.

82
Q

examples of bathymetry

A

guyets, mountain ranges, volcanoes, trenches, canyons, abbysial plains

83
Q

abyssal plain

A

an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 metres and 6,000 metres

84
Q

Ocean Circulation

A

the large scale movement of waters in the ocean basins. It is a key regulator of climate by storing and transporting heat, carbon, nutrients and freshwater all around the world.

85
Q

What are the two types of ocean circulation

A

currents driven mainly by wind and currents mainly driven by density differences

86
Q

effects of ocean circulation?

A

currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface

87
Q

effects of ocean circulation and example

A

heat is transported by currents and re-radiated, influencing regional air temperatures and climates all over the globe. For example, the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean brings heat from near the equator to Europe

88
Q

what is ocean circulation

A

the large scale movement of water in the ocean basins and in sea surface currents

89
Q

what drives ocean surface cirucaltion

A

surface winds

90
Q

global thermohaline ciruclation

A

the cooling and sinking of waters in the polar regions

91
Q

what does the movement of the water influence and allow for

A

influences the climate and weather of the continents as wella s distributes nutrients to the worlds oceans

92
Q

example of th emovement of ocean currents

A

surface currents carry warm upper waters poleward forom the trophics. heat is dispursed from the waters to the atomoshpere and sinks to the deep ocean

93
Q

where is more life found than anywhere on earth?

A

the deep sea

94
Q

how does fangtooth fish detect any movement

A

prominent lateral line

95
Q

what has toad fishs finds evolved into

A

feet

96
Q

why do spidercrabs carry coral on their backlegs

A

as armor

97
Q

what do organic matter in the sea floor dissolve into

A

chemicals

98
Q

where do scienctists thing earth may have begun

A

southwest pacific ocean

99
Q

what is the most important hydrothermal vetn and its locaiont / name

A

godzilla - mid atlantic ridge

100
Q

list of organisms that exist in deep ocean

A

anglerfish, sea pig, fangtooth fish, sea toad, spider crab, zombie woms, giant isopod

101
Q

Territorial sea baseline

A

refers to the line from which the seaward limits of australias maritime zones are measured

102
Q

Coastal waters

A

belt of water between the limits of the land and ocean. within 200 nautical miles of the coast.

103
Q

Territorial sea

A

any area of water over which a sovereign state has jurisdiction,

104
Q

Contiguous zone

A

belt of water contiguous to the territorial sea, does not exceed 24 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseloine

105
Q

Exclusice economic zone

A

area beyond the territorial sea. cannot exceed 200 nautical miels from the baseline of the territorial sea

106
Q

Continential sheld

A

portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water,

107
Q

Nautical mile

A

used to measure the distance travled through water. is equivilant to 1.852 miles

108
Q

sovereign rights

A

to have soverign power os to be beyond the power of others to interfere.

109
Q

pelagic at end of term

A

makes it a water area not sea floor

110
Q

sublittoral

A

the deeper part of the littoral portion of a body of water.

111
Q

epimesopelagic

A

the sunlight zone - epi = skin = top - part of the ocean where there is enough sunlight for algae to utilize photosynthesis`

112
Q

mesopelagic

A

the twilight zone - he intermediate depths of the sea, between about 200 and 1,000 metres - miso at twilight

113
Q

bathypelagic

A

the midnight zone - between 1000 and 4000m deep - we take baths at midnight

114
Q

abbyssalpelagic

A

the abyss - between 4000 and 10000m deep - abbys, there is nothing else

115
Q

hadal pelagic

A

the trenches

116
Q

nsw department of primary industries

A

-delivers scientific information to enable biodiversity conservationa nf sustainable nsw marine enviroments –researches marine habitats and ecosystems , climate change, threateded and protected species.
- nsw department of primary industrys also establishes and maintains marine parks which helps to aid marine biodiversity. There are six marine parks in australia cape byron, solitary islands, portstephens great lakes, lord howe island, Jervis bay, and batemans.

117
Q

Green peace

A
  • work towards several issues involving the marine enciroment such as arguing with big organisations to reduce their footprint and addressing unsustainable industrial fishing practices, climate change and ocean acidification.
    -Green peace are currently fighting to create ocean sanctuaries in over 30% of the world oceans to protect it from human explotation duch as mining, fishing and waste disposal to allow for ocean ecosystems to recover.

Marine 2023 (1 decks)

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