Term Test

Question 1

Prokaryotes have _____ ribosomes

Answer 1

70s

Question 2

eukaryotes have _____ ribosomes

Answer 2

80s

Question 3

mitochondria have ______ ribosomes

Answer 3

70s

Question 4

what is the initiating amino acids for eukaryotes?

Answer 4

methionine

Question 5

what is the initiating amino acid for prokaryotes and mitochondria?

Answer 5

N- Formylmethionine

Question 6

aerobic respiration uses ______ while fermentation ______

Answer 6

oxygen, doesn’t

Question 7

differentiate the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway in apoptosis

Answer 7

intrinsic: cytochrome C, capsases then cell death
extrinsic: death receptors, capsases, cell death

Question 8

what are the 3 different ways mitochondria can lead to loss of function?

Answer 8

1. generation of ROS the byproduct of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation leading to deleterious mutations
2. introduction of excess mutations in mtDNA causing increases in ROS
3. when proteins are released that lead to the process of apoptosis, cell death or aging

Question 9

what are th key roles for mitochondria?

Answer 9

1. ATP synthesis coupled to electron transport
2. Translation of mitochodnria proteins
3. Iron sulfur cluster biogenesis
4. cell death

Question 10

describe how a mitochondrial gene can be transfered to the nulceus

Answer 10

. The mitochondrial mRNA must be reverse-transcribed and the resulting DNA integrated into a nuclear chromosome. DNA elements for expression of the gene and for directing the protein to the mitochondrion must then be assembled with it. If this takes place, the mitochondrial gene copy can be deleted without loss of function.

Question 11

what are key elements for transferring a mitochondrial gene to the nucleus?

Answer 11

1. addition of promoter
2. Terminator
3. targeting sequence

Question 12

nucleus first mitochondria later model

Answer 12

bacteria and archaea, two separate events that created the nucleus first then the mitochondria was created much later

Question 13

mitochondria nucleus co origin model

Answer 13

both the mitochondria and nucleus were created in the same event

Question 14

alternative hypothesis describing the origin or eukaryotic cell

Answer 14

simultaneous creation of the eukaryotic nucleus and mitochondria by fusion of a hydrogen requiring methanogenic archaebacterium with a hydrogen producing alpha proteobacterium symbiont

Question 15

Slide 8 ** Lecture 15

Answer 15

Slide 8 *** lecture 15

Steps of nucleus first model and co origin model

Question 16

what are the two different theories for how mitochondria came in the nucleus first model?` slide 12 lecture 15**

Answer 16

1. alpha proteobacteria enters host cell , gene tansfer and gene losss, this proteobacteria stays
2. there is a loss of the alpha proteobacteria and a anaerobic eubacterium enters host cell, gene transfer and gene loss occurs

Question 17

what are the two different theories for how mitochondria came in the nucleus first model?` slide 12 lecture 15**

Answer 17

1. alpha proteobacteria enters host cell , gene tansfer and gene losss, this proteobacteria stays
2. there is a loss of the alpha proteobacteria and a anaerobic eubacterium enters host cell, gene transfer and gene loss occurs

Question 18

________ clusters exist in mitochondrial DNA

Answer 18

coding

Question 19

cyanobacteria uses ________

Answer 19

photosyntheis

Question 20

what are the two types of photosynthesis?

Answer 20

oxygenic and anoxygenic

Question 21

what are the two ways of anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 21

1. H2S as an electron donor

2. organic electron donor,

Question 22

what bacteria uses organic electron donors for anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 22

purple non sulfur bacteria and green non sulfur bacteria

Question 23

what bacteria uses H2S as an electron donor for anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 23

purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria

Question 24

Cyanobacteria is when _______ was introduced for photosynthesis

Answer 24

cholorophyl a

Question 25

cyanobacteria was when _______ reaction centers were introduced for photosynthesis

Answer 25

two

Question 26

purple and green non sulfur bacteria use photo system _____ while green and purple sulfur bacteria use photosystem ____

Answer 26

II, I

Question 27

how did bacteria use UV light in the beginning?

Answer 27

procyanobacteria, use uv light and oxygen gas to produce an ozone layer

Question 28

From cyanobacteria the rhodophytes, chlorophytes and algae are derived from _________ _______

Answer 28

secondary edosymbiosis

Question 29

we think ________ was the origin of plastids in eukaryotes

Answer 29

cyanobacteria

Question 30

why are cyanobacteria the origin of plastids in eukaryotes

Answer 30

heterotrophic protist ingests cyanobacteria or it wiggles inside the bacteria, the second primary endosymbiotic event included gene transfer and gene loss in the nuclear genome to form plastids (protalga). as gene transfer into the nucleus the protist gets smaller and heterotrophic and autortrophic as it can now photosynthesize

Question 31

assuming the relationship between plastids and the protist stabalizes what can happen due to a lot of oxygen photosynthesis?

Answer 31

potential for reactive oxygen to damage DNA

Question 32

what are the 3 groups that evolved from the uptake of the plastid ?

Answer 32

red algae, green algae and glaucophyte algae (higher plants)

Question 33

the plastids of glauccophytes retained _________

Answer 33

peptidoglycans

Question 34

the rhodophytes and chlorophytes derived from __________ endosymbiosis

Answer 34

secondary

Question 35

plastids are monophyletically from a cyanobacterium with __________ that was __________ by a host cell

Answer 35

pedidoglycan that was phagocytosed

Question 36

does red algae have genes from pepdidoglycan synthesis?

Answer 36

no

Question 37

During evolution of land plants, MurA, B, C, D, and F, and Pbp genes have been lost (T/F)

Answer 37

true

Question 38

primary endosybiosis

Answer 38

heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs cyanobacterium

Question 39

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 39

heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs photosynthetic eukaryote

Question 40

Primary symbiosis can involve both _______ and _________

Answer 40

red and green algae

Question 41

secondary endosymbiosis can produce _________ and _________

Answer 41

heterokonts;diatioms;golden algae;brown algae

euglenoids

Question 42

teriary endosymbiosis produces ________

Answer 42

dinoflagellates

Question 43

list the number of plastids for each edosymbiotic event

Answer 43

primary : plastid with two membranes

secondary: plastid with three membranes
tertiary: plastid with four membranes

Question 44

euglenozoa

Answer 44

single celled flagellates, some predators, parasites and photoautotrauphs

Question 45

what are the two main groups of euglenozoa?

Answer 45

Kinetoplastids and euglenids

Question 46

nagana is caused by _______

Answer 46

kinetoplastids

Question 47

parabaasalids

Answer 47

flagellate protozoa, often symbiotic or parasitic in animals , anaerobic and contain hydrogenosomes

Question 48

Histomonas meleagridis causes ____________

Answer 48

limberneck

Question 49

describe the relationship with the termite and the protist micotrichia paradoxa?

Answer 49

termites use this bacteria to help digest wood, the protists has many different rod shaped bacteria surrounding fungi, 3 level relationship going on here