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English Language > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Lexis

A

The term used in linguistics to refer to vocabulary.

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2
Q

Lexical field

A

Vocabulary which is related by topic.
E.g. lexical field of weather: mist,fog,snow,rain

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3
Q

Semantic field

A

Vocabulary related by meaning.
E.g. semantic field of size: big,large,small,tiny

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4
Q

Pronouns

A

Substitutes for a noun e.g. he,she,they

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5
Q

Determiner

A

Goes before a noun e.g. the, a

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6
Q

Preposition

A

Shows place or time e.g. in, on, under

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7
Q

Conjunction

A

Connects parts of sentences or utterances e.g. and, but, because

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8
Q

Proper noun

A

Names of people or places e.g. Winterbourne

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9
Q

Abstract noun

A

States, feelings, or concepts that are not physical e.g. love, anger

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10
Q

Concrete noun

A

Objects that have a physical existence e.g. dog, table

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11
Q

Material verb

A

Show actions or events e.g. hit, jump

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12
Q

Relational verb

A

Show states of being e.g. appear, seem, become

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13
Q

Mental verb

A

Show internal processes such as thinking e.g. think, believe, wish

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14
Q

Verbal verb

A

Show external processes of communicating through speech e.g. shout, uttered, whisper

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15
Q

Comparative adjective/adverb

A

Uses -er e.g bigger, shorter

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16
Q

Superlative adjective/adverb

A

Uses -est e.g. smallest, largest

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17
Q

Personal pronoun

A

I (1st person)
You (2nd person)
He, she, they, it (3rd person)

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18
Q

Demonstrative pronoun

A

These, this, those, that

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19
Q

Indefinite pronoun

A

Refers to something non-specific e.g. someone, anyone, everything

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20
Q

Articles

A

Can be definite or indefinite e.g. the (definite) and a/an (indefinite)

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21
Q

Possessive determiner

A

Shows ownership e.g. my, their, her

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22
Q

Quantifiers

A

Show specific or non - specific qualities of a noun e.g. one, two, some, any

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23
Q

Co-ordinating conjunction

A

Link words or larger structures together to show that they are equal e.g. and, or

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24
Q

Sub-ordinating conjunction

A

Show that one clause depends on the other e.g. because, although

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25
Q

Clauses

A

Groups of words centred round a verb phrase.

26
Q

Coordinated clauses

A

Joined by coordinating conjunctions and they stand on their own to make complete sense.

27
Q

Main clause

A

A unit that can stand on its own and make complete sense.

28
Q

Subordinate clause

A

A clause that depends on the addition of a main clause to make complete sense.

29
Q

Synonyms

A

Different words words which have largely the same or similar meanings e.g. happy, joyful, elated

30
Q

Antonyms

A

Different words which have opposite meanings e.g. bad, good

31
Q

Hypernym

A

The general term for a set of words e.g. dog

32
Q

Hyponyms

A

The more specific words related to a hypernym e.g. labrador, poodle

33
Q

Euphemisms

A

A polite way of expressing something e.g. passed away instead of died.

34
Q

Dysphemisms

A

A blunt or direct way of saying something close to taboo language e.g. bog rather than toilet.

35
Q

Common collocations

A

Words used commonly together such as “cosmetic” and “surgery” and “salt” and “pepper”

36
Q

Deviant collocations

A

Words put together that don’t normally go together.

37
Q

Semantics

A

Meanings of words and expressions (connotations)

38
Q

Pragmatics

A

The ways in which social conventions and implied meanings are encoded in spoken and written language. Pragmatics relates to the inferences a reader can make from a text.

39
Q

Phonetics, Phonology and Prosodics

A

How speech, sounds and effects are articulated and analysed; including aspects of prosodics (aspects such as rhythm and intonation in spoken texts). A study of the sound systems that make up language.

40
Q

Discourse

A

Extended stretches of communication occurring in different genres, modes and contexts.

41
Q

Graphology

A

The layout and visual elements of a text.

42
Q

Register

A

How language varies in relation to situation (audience, purpose and context) Register explores the continuum of formality, as well as the tone of the text.

43
Q

Tenor

A

The relationship between the text producer and text receiver. The tenor will often determine the register of a text.

44
Q

Mode

A

The type of text. It will determine the lexical and grammatical choices made by the producer.

45
Q

Multimodality

A

Using more than one mode within a text.

46
Q

Unbound morphemes

A

Can stand alone and make sense on their own e.g. in “cars” the unbound morpheme is car because it makes sense by itself.

47
Q

Bound morphemes

A

A morpheme that can only appear as part of a larger expression e.g. the plural “s” in cars is the bound morpheme.

48
Q

Common nouns

A

All other nouns that are not proper nouns.

49
Q

Collective nouns

A

Refer to groups of people, animals or objects e.g. family, herd, flock

50
Q

Attributive adjectives

A

Pre-modifying - the sudden noise (comes before the noun)

51
Q

Predicative adjectives

A

Post-modifying - grammar is brilliant (comes after the noun)

52
Q

Dynamic verbs

A

Denote a physical action e.g. running, sleeping

53
Q

Stative verbs

A

Denote a state of mind e.g. thinking, wondering

54
Q

Transitive verbs

A

Dynamic verbs that require an object e.g. She kicked the ball.

55
Q

Intransitive verbs

A

Dynamic verbs that don’t require an object e.g. sneeze, laugh, arrive

56
Q

Finite verb

A

A verb with a subject or a tense.

57
Q

Non-finite verbs

A

Verbs without a subject or tense, typically infinitive forms.

58
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

Indicate object of a verb is the same as the subject of the sentence e.g. self/selves in themselves

59
Q

Interrogative pronouns

A

Used when asking a question e.g. who, whose, which, what

60
Q

Relative pronouns

A

Act as linking words in a sentence always placed immediately after the noun they refer to e.g. whom, who, whose, which, that

61
Q

Correlative conjunctions

A

Used in pairs to join alternatives or equal elements e.g. either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also

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