TERMS

Question 1

when you cut someone’s discourse, leaving out passages, you create some visual stuttering, each stutter being a…?

Answer 1

jump cut

Question 2

the shooting of the same scene from multiple angles is called…?

Answer 2

coverage

Question 3

long,medium and close-up shots
- what are they?

Answer 3

A long shot can be the first one in a scene, giving extensive information about the setting.

In medium shots, the subject is a prominent part of the video frame.

In a close-up, a person’s emotional state will be accentuated, creating enhanced emotional impact on the viewer.

In addition to distance, angles can further convey meaning:
top-down or down/up shots can accentuate relations of power between characters.

Question 4

Three different people have each their own vision of what one docu / film should look, feel like. They are:

Answer 4

the writer

the director

the editor

Question 6

camera movement - pan
what is it?

Answer 6

side to side camera movement, from a fixed point

Question 7

camera movement - tilt
what is it?

Answer 7

up and down camera movement, from a fixed point

Question 8

camera movement - dolly shot
what is it?

Answer 8

camera moves in or out

Question 9

camera movement - trucking shot
what is it?

Answer 9

camera moves sideways

Question 10

camera movement - pedestal shot
what is it?

Answer 10

camera moves up and down

Question 11

camera movement - crane shot
what is it?

Answer 11

camera typically moves up, revealing more and more

Question 12

camera movement - tracking shot
what is it?

Answer 12

camera follows the subject as it moves about

Question 13

lens movement - rack focus
what is it?

Answer 13

Change of focus between two objects in the same scene

Question 14

What is continuity editing?

Answer 14

Continuity editing allows editors to reconstruct reality from the various shots during the coverage shooting process.
Continuity editing aims at making the editing as invisible as possible.

Question 15

continuity editing -
what are the various aspects continuity of whichare sought?

Answer 15

continuity of mise en scene: simply means that content is consistent from one shot to the other. This covers actual subjects but also the quality of the shots, that need to have the same lighting - not always easy if your coverage shooting is spread over a significant amount of time (shooting outside may render the job of obtaining the same light across shots difficult).

continuity of performance: involves: pacing, emotion, voice - one person’s voice can vary hugely

continuity of spatial orientation: AKA the 180⁰ rule - the need to be aware of how objects are oriented in the frame from shot to shot. For each**set-up there is an axis of action, whereby the camera should stay on one side of the axis of action - see picture

continuity editing: making the editing as invisible as possible. The 20mm/30⁰ rule - from one shot to another, you need to vary the two shots by a focal length of at least 20mm and by 30⁰.
Also, cutting on action: if the subject is cut in the middle of an action, make sure that the action is completed in the next shot. This is a great technique to hide the edit.

Question 16

What is complexity editing?
This question asks you about the principles, not the techniques.

Answer 16

Complexity editing is, among other things, used to:

• express the passing of time
• express the combination of ideas
• intensify the action

Often, complexity editing results in unsettling the viewer

Question 17

Complexity editing - montage
give examples of montage

Answer 17

metric: where is shot is the same length, and you cut to the next shot without an emphasis on what’s going on (the latter is a breach of rule)

rhythmic: length of shot determines emotional energy

tonal: image composition and emotion of shot determines emotional energy (here it’s not shot duration that creates emotion - just the pic)

overtonal: combination of metric, rhythmic and tonal to achieve emotional energy

intellectual: AKA shot collision - intended meaning does not exist in individual shots; meaning emerges when shots are juxtaposed.

Question 18

complexity editing - jump cutting
what is it?

Answer 18

Jump cutting breaks continuity rules, mostly obviously the 20mm/30⁰ rule as well as the ‘matching on action’ rule. The shots also are not different enough. Visually, the subject appears to jump position around in a continuous way, drawing attention to the edits rather than attempting to hide them.
Tutor shows a scene from Breathless, with Jean-Paul Belmondo and Jean Seberg driving around Paris. The subject throughout is Jean Seberg, in the passenger seat, shot from the left-hand side backseat. We are presented with a succession of cuts of the subject, each time with a new background (they’re driving around, remember), but the voice of Jean-Paul Belmondo contradicts what we see, since his monologue is continuous, uninterrupted.