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Conservation Biology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is conservation biology ?

A
  • It is concerned with detecting and evaluating solutions
  • It is a multi-disciplinary science
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2
Q

Crisis Discipline

A

Decisions have to be made quick with little information

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3
Q

Triage

A

Dying anyway - Beyond urgency
Can be saved - Absolute Urgency
Will live anyway - Relative Urgency

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4
Q

True or False? Conservation and sustainability practices are very old, and are present in human cultures around the world

A

True

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5
Q

Pre-1850

A
  • Religious Ideas
  • Enclosure and prevention of royal hunting grounds
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6
Q

1850 -1950

A
  • Transcendental/Romantic ethic
  • Resource Conservation Ethic
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7
Q

Henry Walden

A

Wilderness is good for spirituality

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8
Q

John Muir

A
  • Mountains of California
  • Declaration of Yosemite as national park with President Grant
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9
Q

Gifford Pinchot

A
  • First chief of the US forest service
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10
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

Evolutionary-Ecologic land ethic

  • Man as part of complex ecology
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11
Q

Why is DDT a problem ?

A

It has negative affects and population sizes started to decrease.

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12
Q

Rachel Carson

A
  • Silent Spring
  • Pioneer of Current conservation
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13
Q

NGO’s

A

Nongovernmental organizations that deal with conservation and ecology

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14
Q

What are the 4 Ecosystem services ?

A

-Provisioning
- Regulating
- Cultural
- Supporting

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15
Q

Provisioning

A
  • Products obtained from ecosystem
  • Ex - Food, Water, Timber
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16
Q

Regulating services

A

Benefits we get from the ecosystem if regulated

  • Ex-Air/Water purification, Climate regulation, and pollination
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17
Q

Cultural Services

A
  • Nonmaterial benefits we gain from the environment
  • Ex- Ecotourism, Spiritual well being
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18
Q

Supporting Services

A

Ecological processes that control the functioning of ecosystems

-Ex- Biomass, Decomposition, and nutrient recycling

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19
Q

The IPAT Equation

A

I = P X A X T

I = Environment Impact
P = Population
A = Affluence
T = Technology

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20
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of organisms at all levels of biological organization

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21
Q

True or false? Biodiversity can be at any level of biological organizations ?

A

True Biodiversity can be at any level of organization.From genes to ecosystems

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22
Q

Taxonomic Diversity

A

Species that gets the most attention form legislation

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23
Q

What are the three species concept?

A
  • Morphological
  • Biological
  • Evolutionary
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24
Q

Morphological Species concept

A

Individuals are grouped into species based on morphological and physiological similarities.

Ex- Counting Teeth and Feathers

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25
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Separated Classification System

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26
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Individuals who interbreed in the wild to produce offspring are considered to be within the same species

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27
Q

What are the challenges with the biological species concept ?

A
  1. Can be hard to observe interbreeding directly
  2. How much interbreeding between populations is enough to call it one species ?
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27
Q

Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Species concept

A

Distant evolutionary lineage based on average genetic relatedness

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28
Q

Problems with the Evolutionary species

A
  • How much distinctiveness is there to call species different from each other?
  • Have to make judgement calls when looking at lineage and where to place species
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29
Q

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

A

Most important act for endangered species

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30
Q

Environmental DNA

A

Collect stary DNA in environment and detect what species are present

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31
Q

Species Richness

A

Number of species in a community

  • Very dependent on effort and area of sampling
  • To compare must have the same effort or rarify the data
  • Cares more about the presence of rare species
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32
Q

What are the advantages of richness ?

A

Simple and easy to calculate

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33
Q

Species Accumulation curves

A

Plotted as function of the total number of individuals that have been counted with each sample

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34
Q

Rarefaction

A

Standardized effort to compare biodiversity across sites sampled in different ways

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35
Q

A species evenness describes what ?

A

The relative abundance of different species

  • Similar abundance = More evenness
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36
Q

What are the disadvantages of Richness?

A
  1. Doesn’t count for relative abundance of species
  2. Very sensitive to the presence of rare species
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37
Q

Shannon Diversity

A

Combines species richness and and species evenness

  • Very common to describe diversity in a system
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38
Q

Shannon Index

A

A way of measuring diversity

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39
Q

Simpson Diversity index

A

The probability that 2 individuals drawn at random are the same species

  • Cares more about relative abundance of common species
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40
Q

All biodiversity metrics are sensitive to ?

A

sampling

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41
Q

How do we measure biodiversity ?

A
  • Richness and other taxonomic metrics
  • Phylogenetic diversity
  • Functional diversity
  • Ecosystem diversity
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42
Q

Phylogenetic Diversity

A

Species are weighted based on their evolutionary distinctiveness

  • Calculated by a phylogenetic tree, taking sum of branch lengths connecting all species
  • Measures evolutionary dispersion of biotas
  • These communities have the same taxonomic richness
  • The bottom community has much higher phylogenetic diversity
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43
Q

Functional Diversity

A
  • Species weighted based on their ecological distinctiveness
  • Calculated based on characters (traits) representing niche dimensions. To calculate must decide what you want to measure
  • Measures ecological dispersion of biotas
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44
Q

Ecoregions

A

Large areas with a similar mix of environmental conditions and relatively distinct groups of organisms

  • Can be defined differently based on the goals of the person defining
  • Mostly used for prioritizing conservation action sites
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45
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

Diversity of the ecosystem and landscapes

46
Q

Latitudinal pattern

A

Increasing species richness from poles to equator

47
Q

General Pattern

A

One of the most widely recognized (and studied) patterns in biogeography

48
Q

Conservation strategy

A

patterns are based on one group, not a good predictor

49
Q

Threatened and rare species

A

Distributed according to very different properties than global scale gradients

50
Q

Alpha Diversity

A

Diversity of a local community on some scale of interest

  • Within-habitat diversity
51
Q

Beta Diversity

A

Change (or turnover) in species composition over some distance

  • Between-habitat diversity
  • Highest when habitats vary over fine spatial scales
52
Q

Gamma Diversity

A

Total diversity over a large geographic area such as biome, continent, or ocean basin

  • Represents combined influence of local alpha diversity and beta diversity
53
Q

Gamma diversity is a positive function of ?

A

Alpha and Beta diversity

54
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A
  • Biodiversity is the source of new medicines
55
Q

What are ecosystem functions ?

A
  • primary productivity
  • Soil fertility
56
Q

Option Value

A

The value of the uses we don’t know about yet

57
Q

Global Diversity is ?

A

Declining

58
Q

Rising similarity between habitats and communities is ?

A

A huge problem

59
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of all individuals in the population of a given species

60
Q

Local Extinction (Extirpation)

A

Species disappears in one geographic area but persists in other areas

61
Q

Global Extinction

A

Loss of species over its entire range

62
Q

Cautions about using measures of diversity to choose areas of protection

A
  • Diversity is not always “good”
  • Diversity doesn’t tell you about the species of concern
63
Q

Endemic

A

Species unique to a particular area

64
Q

endemism

A

Proportion of species in an area that are endemic

65
Q

What makes a species vulnerable to extinction ?

A
  • Specialists
  • Low reproductive rate (often long-lived species)
  • “Rare” Species
  • Poor dispersal ability
66
Q

Rare Species

A
  • Narrow habitat/ niche
  • small populations
  • small geographic ranges
  • Combination of these characteristics
67
Q

ICUN Red List

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature Non-profit, non legislative

Common Terms
- Extinct
- Endangered
- Threatened

68
Q

Threatened category of IUCN Red List

A
  • Critically endangered
  • Endangered
  • Vulnerable
69
Q

What are the threats to biodiversity ?

A

Human impacts
Habitat loss
Climate Change
Overexploitation

70
Q

How do you measure extinction rates ?

A

Direct observation (which is very difficult) only possible for well studied species

71
Q

Causes of extinction

A

Habitat loss (Less area = fewer species and smaller populations)

72
Q

Why might species-area relationships overestimate extinction

A
  • Extinction debt
  • Doomed species take time to go extinct
  • Protected areas might be better for biodiversity than average
  • SAR does not account for species that can live in the new (converted) habitat
73
Q

Extinction debt

A

Species take time to go extinct

74
Q

Why might species-area relationships underestimate extinction ?

A

They don’t account for any factors other than habitat loss

75
Q

Success of ESA

A

Prevent 227 extinctions

76
Q

Shortcomings of ESA

A
  • 42 species went extinct while be considered for listing
  • Species listed on the ICUN Red list but not listed in the ESA
77
Q

How can you reverse extinction ?

A
  • Breed something similar from existing DNA
  • Mix existing DNA with DNA from extinct organisms
  • Insert genome of extinct organisms into modern surrogate
78
Q

Breeding something similar from existing DNA

A
  • Can work
  • Does not add to genetic diversity
  • Doesn’t really reverse extinction but can replace a lost function of a ecosystem
79
Q

Mix existing DNA with DNA from extinct organisms

A
  • Might work
  • Can we recover intact DNA or identity relevant genes
  • Revives lost genetic diversity
  • Doesn’t really reverse an extinction
80
Q

Inserting genome of extinct organisum into modern surrogate

A
  • It can possible work in the future, with good DNA
  • Recovers genetic diversity
  • Truly reverses an extinction
81
Q

What species should we revive ?

A
  • Species that would perform functions in the ecosystem that we don’t have anymore
  • Prioritize recent extinction
82
Q

Population

A

Group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisums occupying a defined area during a specific time

83
Q

A population is described by ?

A
  • Number of individuals that compose it
    • Population grow or decline by changes in those numbers
    • In most cases a count of females only is used
  • Sometimes we consider many ages or stages separately
84
Q

Why is population as a unit important ?

A

Hunan interests and management actions often occur at population-level scales

85
Q

Census

A

Count of all individuals

Equation - Total population = Number observed

 - A true census is rare

 -Very rare to have a full count 

 - Only practical for small areas or small populations 

  - Typically very costly
86
Q

When can you obtain a true Census ?

A
  • When you can count the organisms faster than they can move
  • When habitat being sampled is small
  • When you can tell individuals apart reliably
87
Q

How can you measure populations ?

A

Population census
Population estimates

88
Q

Population estimation

A

Guess a total based on observing a subset of the population

89
Q

Subsampling

A

Calculating total population from a random sample of quadrats

90
Q

Average Density

A

Total observed/area sampled

91
Q

Total population

A

Average density * Total area of interest

92
Q

Distance Sampling Limitations

A
  • Assumes species are equally distributed across space
  • You have to be able to calculate the distance from observed species
93
Q

As numbers of samples goes up

A
  • Estimates of total population may go up and down
  • Confidence in estimate of total population increases
94
Q

Mark-Recapture

A

A subset of individuals is captured and marked or triggered in some way, then released. At a later date, individuals are captured again, and the ratio of marked to unmarked individuals

Methods are commonly used for mobile organisms

95
Q

Two Approaches to figuring out a successful management strategy

A
  1. Do an experiment. Try different approaches, take data, see which is best. (But sometimes not ethical, not feasible)
  2. Make a model. Use math to predict what will happen
96
Q

What 4 processes can lead to population changes ?

A

Birth,death, immigration, and emigration

97
Q

Discrete time models

A

nt+1 = function (Nt)
Geometric growth based on r

  • If a population reproduces in synchrony at regular time intervals (Discrete time periods)
98
Q

Continuous time models

A

dn/dt = function (N)
Exponential growth

99
Q

Vital Rates

A

Processes that contribute to change in population size, including rates of birth,death, growth, fecundity

100
Q

When do populations stop increasing ?

A

When birth rate equals death rate

101
Q

Which models are more realistic ? Which one do conservation biologists use ?

A

Logistic since populations can’t grow forever. Conservation biologists use the geometric model

102
Q

Advantages of Geometric/Exponential growth

A
  • Appropriate for small populations
  • Good for short term prediction
  • Easier to parameterize
103
Q

Advantages of logistic model in conservation biology

A
  • Necessary for moderate-large populations
  • Necessary for longer term predictions
  • Still relatively easy to parametrize
104
Q

Basic population dynamics

A
  • Stage/age size structured populations
  • Exponential/Geometric growth
  • Logistic Growth
105
Q

Count based models

A

Assume that all individuals are the same. Ignore size and age

106
Q

Vital rates depend on

A

Age and Size

107
Q

Survivorship curves

A
  • Detailed patterns of cohort decline
  • Constant mortality > Exponential decline
108
Q

Why study how viral rates change with age ?

A
  • Any factor that alters survival or fecundity of individuals can change the population growth rate
  • Identifying age-specific birth and death rates that influence population growth rate. This can be used to develop management practices
109
Q

Core principle of population regulation

A
  • No closed population stops increasing unless either birth or death rate changes with density
  • Rate of change arises from the underlying vital rates
110
Q

Age-specific fecundity

A

Average number of offspring produced by a female while she is of age x

111
Q

Building a stage-structured model

A
  1. Understand your species
  2. Decide how many stages to include
    Biological intuition
  3. Gather data
    Calculate transitions
    Fraction surviving but not growing
    Fraction surviving and growing
112
Q

Population (Projection) Matrix

A

Summary of all transition probabilities (all vital rates)

113
Q

Leslie matrix

A

The age structured version of a population (Projection) matrix. However, more simpler

Conservation Biology (2 decks)

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