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Psychology 101 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

One of the 4 main goals of psychology is to report or __________ what is observed

A

Describe

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1
Q

Where did the Greek philosopher Plato believe that the truth and knowledge existed in before birth

A

The Soul

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2
Q

Toward the end of the 19th-century Sigmund Freud focuse most of his attention on what

A

Abnormal aspects of the mind

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3
Q

Creating A lie requires what kind of resources

A

Cognitive resources

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4
Q

What are the four major goals that lay foundation for the scientific approach used in psychology

A

Explain, describe, predict, and publish behavior

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5
Q

The belief that truth and knowledge exist in the soul before birth suggest the role of ______ in cognition

A

Nature

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6
Q

What does functionalism continue to influence

A

The practice of psychology as evidenced by educational psychology, studies of emotion and comparative studies of animal behavior

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7
Q

Which perspective examines characteristics in terms of how they influence adaption to the environment and survival

A

Evolutionary perspective

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8
Q

What is Psuedopsychology and approach of

A

Cleaning and predicting behavior and events that appears to be in psychology but is not supported by empirical, objective evidence

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9
Q

Psychologists apply the findings of their research to shape and change behaviors in a beneficial way. This refers to how they ______ behavior

A

Control

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10
Q

The process of weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, and evaluating and determining the contributions of each

A

Critical thinking

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11
Q

An approach to explaining and predicting behavior and events that appears to be psychology, but has no empirical or objective evidence to support it.

A

Psyedopsychology

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12
Q

Social psychologists

A

Explore how we view and affect one another

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13
Q

Biological psychologists

A

Explore the links between brain and mind

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14
Q

Organizational psychologist

A

Study and advise on behavior in the workplace

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15
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

Assess and treat mental, emotional and behavior disorders

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17
Q

Personality psychologist

A

Investigate our persistent traits

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18
Q

Psychiatrists

A

medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and treat physical causes of psychological disorders

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19
Q

Counseling psychologist

A

Help people cope with challenges by recognizing their strengths and resources

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20
Q

Developmental psychologists

A

Study out changing abilities from womb to tomb

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21
Q

Process scientists used to conduct research, includes a continuing cycle of exploration, critical thinking and systematic observation

A

Scientific method

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22
Q

Synthesizes observations in order to explain phenomena and guide predictions to be tested through research

A

Theory

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23
Q

To repeat and experiment generally with the new sample and/or other changes to the procedures, The goal of which is to provide for further support for the findings of the first study

A

Replicate

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24
Q

A statement that can be used to test a prediction

A

Hypothesis

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25
Q

Control procedure that involves careful examination to the use of scientific observation and/or manipulation of variables

A

Experiment

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26
Q

Precise manner in which a variable of interest is defined and measured

A

Operational definition

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27
Q

All members of an identified group about which a researcher is interested

A

Population

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28
Q

Measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people

A

Variables

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29
Q

A subset of the population chosen through a procedure that ensures all members of the population have an equally likely chance of being selected to participate in the study

A

Random sample

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30
Q

A subset of the population chosen for inclusion in an experiment

A

Sample

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31
Q

Acknowledgement of study participants that they understand what their participation will entail

A

Informed consent

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32
Q

Sharing information with participants after their involvement in a study has ended, including the purpose of the study and deception used in it

A

Debriefing

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33
Q

A subgroup of a population selected so that its members have characteristics that closely reflect those of the population of interest

A

Representative example

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34
Q

The committee that reviews research proposals to protect the rights and welfare of all participants

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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35
Q

Research message that describe and explore behaviors of the findings cannot The nativity state cause-and-effect relationship

A

Descriptive research

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36
Q

Type of descriptive research the studies participants in their natural environment of systematic observation

A

Naturalistic observation

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37
Q

Type of descriptive research that closely examines one individual or small group

A

Case study

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38
Q

Errors introduced into the recording of observations due to the researchers value system, expectations, or attitudes

A

Observer bias

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39
Q

Type of descriptive research examining the relationships among variables

A

correlation method

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40
Q

The statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

A

Correlation coefficient

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41
Q

Type of descriptive research that uses questionnaires or interviews together data

A

Survey method

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42
Q

And unaccounted for characteristic of participants that explains changes in the variable of interest

A

Third variable

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43
Q

The participants in an experiment were not exposed to the treatment bearable; this is the comparison group

A

Control group

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44
Q

Type of research the manipulated variable of interest to uncover cause-and-effect relationships

A

Experimental group

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45
Q

In an experimental design, the characteristic or sponsors measure to determine the effect of the researchers manipulation

A

Dependent variable

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46
Q

A Variable in the environment or of the participants that could unintentionally influence the outcome of the study

A

Extraneous variable

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47
Q

A study in which neither the researchers who are administering the independent variable nor the participants know what type of treatment is being given

A

Double-blind study

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48
Q

A type of extraneous variable that changes and sync it with the independent variable making it difficult and to discern which one is causing changes in the independent variable

A

Confounding variable

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49
Q

The process of appointing participants in the research study to the experimental or control groups, ensuring that every person has an equal chance of being assigned to either

A

Random assignment

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50
Q

And an experimental design, the variable manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable

A

Independent variable (iv)

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51
Q

An inert substance given to members of the control group; the fake treatment that has no benefit but, is administered as if it does

A

Placebo

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52
Q

An approach that focuses on the positive aspects of human beings, seeking to understand their strengths and uncover the roots of happiness, creativity, humor and so on

A

Positive psychology

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53
Q

What can psychological studies be conducted through

A

Observation and measurement

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54
Q

Who was the first black woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology from Columbia University

A

Mamie Phipps Clark

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55
Q

Mamie Phipps Clark conducted important research on the impact of race recognition on children’s _____.

A

Self esteem

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56
Q

Mental health professionals trained in graduate school

A

Clinical psychologists

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57
Q

Who was Mary Whiton Calkins a student of

A

William James

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58
Q

Who was Margaret Floy Washburn a student of

A

Edward Titchener

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59
Q

Who believed that experience plays an important role in how we acquire knowledge

A

Aristotle

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60
Q

Acquiring knowledge relies on the importance of

A

Nurture

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61
Q

Aristotle is credited with laying the foundation for the scientific approach to answer questions about psychological concepts through his suggestion that:

A

We learn through our sensory experiences

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62
Q

Who suggested we learn through out sensory experiences

A

Aristotle

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63
Q

Titchener developed the school of structuralism in order to determine the ____ of the mind

A

Atoms

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64
Q

What provides precise descriptions for variables used in research study

A

Operational definitions

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65
Q

Which researchers used when other types of experiments are unethical or impossible to do

A

Correlational

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66
Q

What houses thoughts, motions, and personality and orchestrates behavior

A

The brain

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67
Q

Goal cells hold neurons together and maintain the structure of the:

A

Nervous system

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68
Q

The branch of psychology that focuses on how the brain and other biological systems influence behavior

A

Biological psychology

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69
Q

Study of the brain and nervous system

A

Neuroscience

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70
Q

Skinny to bike structure of a neuron that extends from the cell body, and which sends messages to other neurons

A

Axons

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71
Q

The spike in electrical energy that passes to the axon of a neuron, the purpose of which is to convey information

A

Action potential

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72
Q

Building blocks of the nervous system that transmit electrical and chemical signals in the body

A

Neurons

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73
Q

Electrical potential of the cell at rest; the state of the cell when it is not activated

A

Resting potential

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74
Q

Cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons; produce smiling that covers axons.

A

Glial cells

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75
Q

Fatty substance that insulates the axon and speeds the transmission of neural messages

A

Myelin sheath

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76
Q

The region of the neuron that includes the nucleus containing DNA, protein producing mechanisms, and other structures that nourish the cell

A

Cell body

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77
Q

Neuron either fires or does not fire; action potentials are always the same strength

A

All-or-none

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78
Q

Chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse

A

Neurotransmitters

79
Q

Tiny, branchlike fibers extending from the cell body that receive messages from other neurons and send information in the direction of the cell body

A

Dendrites

80
Q

The location where neurotransmitters attach on the receiving side of the synaptic gap

A

Receptor sites

81
Q

Process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending terminal bud

A

Reuptake

82
Q

Junction between neurons where communication occurs

A

Synapse

83
Q

part of the endocrine system involved in responses to stress as well as the regulation of salt balance

A

Adrenal glands

84
Q

A major component of the human nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

85
Q

Cognitive psychologists

A

Experiment with how we perceive, think and solve problems

86
Q

Neuron specialized for receiving information about the environment from the sensory systems and transmitting this information to the brain for further processing

A

Sensory neurons

87
Q

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral nervous system

88
Q

The branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary process within the body, such as contractions in the digestive tract, and activity of glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

89
Q

A type of neuron that resides exclusively in the brain and spinal cord; acts as a bridge connecting sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons

90
Q

Neurons specialized for transmitting information from the central nervous system to other parts of the body, such as muscles and glands.

A

motor neurons

91
Q

Bundles of neurons that carry information to and from the central nervous system; provide communication between the central nervous system and the muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.

A

nerves

92
Q

Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream that influence mood, cognition, appetite, and many other processes and behaviors.

A

hormones

93
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that orchestrates the “rest-and-digest” response to bring the body back to a noncrisis mode.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

94
Q

The communication system that uses glands to convey messages by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.

A

endocrine system

95
Q

The branch of the parasympathetic nervous system that includes sensory nerves and motor nerves; gathers information from sensory receptors and controls the skeletal muscles responsible for voluntary movement.

A

somatic nervous system

96
Q

The bundle of neurons that allows communication between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, connecting with the body’s muscles, glands, and organs.

A

spinal cord

97
Q

An automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the “knee jerk” reaction; a simple pathway of communication from sensory neurons through interneurons in the spinal cord back out through motor neurons.

A

reflex arc

98
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the “fight-or-flight” response to stressful or crisis situations.

A

sympathetic nervous system

99
Q

The pea-sized gland located in the center of the brain just under the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

100
Q

secretes hormones that dictate the release of hormones by other glands

A

pituitary gland

101
Q

known as the master gland

A

pituitary gland

102
Q

Gland of the endocrine system that regulates the rate of metabolism by secreting thyroxin.

A

thyroid gland

103
Q

The largest part of the brain, includes virtually all parts of the brain except primitive brain structures; has two distinct hemispheres.

A

cerebrum

104
Q

The thick band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

105
Q

principal structure for information shared between the two hemispheres.

A

corpus callosum

106
Q

The idea that each cerebral hemisphere processes certain types of information and excels in certain activities.

A

lateralization

107
Q

An area of the cortex that is critical for speech production.

A

Broca’s area

108
Q

A rare procedure used to disconnect the right and left hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum.

A

split-brain operation

109
Q

A region of the cortex that plays a pivotal role in language comprehension.

A

Wernicke’s area

110
Q

The generation of new neurons in the brain

A

neurogenesis

111
Q

The brain’s ability to heal, grow new connections, and reorganize in order to adapt to the environment.

A

neuroplasticity

112
Q

An early approach to explaining the functions of the brain by trying to link the physical structure of the skull with a variety of characteristics.

A

phrenology

113
Q

Cells responsible for producing new neurons.

A

stem cells

114
Q

The wrinkled outermost layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher mental functions, such as decision making, planning, and processing visual information.

A

cerebral cortex

115
Q

The area of the cortex that organizes information among the other lobes of the brain and is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions and behavior.

A

frontal lobes

116
Q

The area of the cortex in the back of the head that processes visual information.

A

occipital lobes

117
Q

The area of the cortex that receives and processes sensory information such as touch, pressure, temperature, and spatial orientation.

A

parietal lobes

118
Q

Regions of the cortex that integrate information from all over the brain, allowing us to learn, think in abstract terms, and carry out other intellectual tasks.

A

association areas

119
Q

The area of the cortex that processes auditory stimuli and language.

A

temporal lobes

120
Q

A band of tissue toward the rear of the frontal lobes that works with other brain regions to plan and execute voluntary movements.

A

motor cortex

121
Q

A band of tissue running parallel to the motor cortex that receives and integrates sensory information from all over the body.

A

somatosensory cortex

122
Q

A pair of almond-shaped structures in the limbic system that processes basic emotions, such as fear and aggression, as well as associated memories.

A

amygdala

123
Q

A pair of seahorse-shaped structures located in the limbic system

A

hippocampus

124
Q

primarily responsible for creating new memories

A

hippocampus

125
Q

Structure located behind the brain stem that is responsible for muscle coordination and balance; Latin for “little brain.”

A

cerebellum

126
Q

A horseshoe-shaped collection of structures that regulates emotions and basic drives like hunger, and aids in the creation of memories.

A

limbic system

127
Q

Largest part of the brain; includes the cerebral cortex and the limbic system.

A

forebrain

128
Q

A small structure located below the thalamus that maintains a constant internal environment within a healthy range

A

hypothalamus

129
Q

helps regulate sleep-wake cycles, sexual behavior, and appetite.

A

hypothalamus

130
Q

A structure in the limbic system that processes and relays sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex.

A

thalamus

131
Q

Includes areas of the brain responsible for fundamental life-sustaining processes.

A

hindbrain

132
Q

A network of neurons running through the midbrain that controls levels of arousal and quickly analyzes sensory information on its way to the cortex.

A

reticular formation

133
Q

A structure that oversees vital functions, including breathing, digestion, and heart rate.

A

medulla

134
Q

A hindbrain structure that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and coordinate movement between the right and left sides of the body.

A

pons

135
Q

The part of the brain stem involved in levels of arousal

A

midbrain

136
Q

responsible for generating movement patterns in response to sensory input.

A

midbrain

137
Q

The axon is not entirely enclosed by _____, but instead is covered in segments.

A

myelin sheath

138
Q

The membrane encasing a neuron is _____, allowing only some ions to pass in and out of its channels.

A

selectively permeable

139
Q

secreted by one neuron under certain conditions can cause neighboring neurons to fire.

A

Neurotransmitters

140
Q

The peripheral nervous system provides the communication pathway between the central nervous system(CNS) and the:

A

the rest of the body

141
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes all the neurons that are not in the:

A

central nervous system.

142
Q

Following an action potential, _____ are released into the synaptic gap and their effects can be almost instant.

A

neurotransmitters

143
Q

Schwann cells produce the _____ that envelops axons.

A

myelin

144
Q

The purpose of a(n) _____ is to convey information between neurons.

A

action potential

145
Q

The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a key role in:

A

learning through reinforcement.

146
Q

_____ are specialized for receiving information about the environment and transmitting this information to brain for further processing.

A

Sensory neurons

147
Q

If the endocrine system had a gland that worked as a chief executive officer, it would be the:

A

pituitary gland.

148
Q

They outnumber neurons in the human brain by approximately 50 to 1.

A

glial cells

149
Q

Neurotransmitters that are not reabsorbed into the axon buds, drift out of the _____ through diffusion.

A

synaptic gap

150
Q

What is involved in regulating arousal and sleep.

A

norepinephrine

151
Q

The simple pathway of communication from sensory neurons through interneurons in the spinal cord back out through motor neurons is called a(n):

A

reflex arc

152
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that orchestrates the rest-and-digest response to bring the body back to noncrisis mode is called the:

A

parasympathetic nervous system.

153
Q

What is the function of neurons

A

To transmit information up and down the body.

154
Q

Reuptake is the process by which _____ can be reabsorbed by the sending terminal bud

A

neurotransmitters

155
Q

It is an antagonist because it blocks the release of acetylcholine.

A

Botox

156
Q

What can act as both neurotransmitters and hormones depending on where they are released.

A

norepinephrine

157
Q

The branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary processes within the body, such as contractions in the digestive tract and activity of glands, is called the:

A

autonomic nervous system

158
Q

Glial cells that multiply and secrete substances to defend the brain from infection and inflammation are called:

A

microglia

159
Q

What resides exclusively in the brain and spinal cord and act as bridges connecting sensory and motor neurons.

A

interneurons

160
Q

Neurons are _____ that communicate with each through electrical and chemical signals.

A

nerve cells

161
Q

Which statement BEST characterizes the cell body of a typical neuron

A

It contains a nucleus, protein-producing mechanism, and other structures that nourish the cell.

162
Q

_____ are a type of glial cell that have been found to support communication between neurons.

A

Astrocytes

163
Q

They multiply and secrete substances to defend the brain from infection and inflammation.

A

microglia

164
Q

How do neighboring neurons signal for channels to open up to let the positive sodium ions move into the dendrites of a neuron?

A

Neighboring neurons send more excitatory signals than inhibitory signals

165
Q

How is the voltage of a neuron determined?

A

By the electrical characteristics of ions.

166
Q

How does the myelin sheath speed the transmission of neural messages?

A

It insulates the axon, facilitating faster transmission of the impulse.

167
Q

The _____ generally excels at visual spatial tasks

A

right hemisphere

168
Q

Research suggests that the _____ is important for our ability to recognize faces.

A

right hemisphere

169
Q

Whowas the founder of phrenology, the now discredited brain “science” that achieved enormous popularity at the beginning of the 19th century.

A

Franz Joseph Gall

170
Q

The tendency for the left and right hemispheres to excel in certain activities.

A

Lateralization

171
Q

The early approach to explaining the functions of the brain by trying to link physical structures of the skull with a variety of characteristics.

A

Phrenology

172
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere processes certain types of information and excels in certain activities, which is known as:

A

lateralization

173
Q

_____ uses radioactive glucose to detect active areas of the brain, which have absorbed the most sugar.

A

Positron emission tomography

174
Q

On Penfield’s map of the _____, the size of each body part roughly reflects the amount of cortex devoted to it.

A

motor cortex

175
Q

In dangerous situations, activity in the nervous system increases drastically, including in the _____, triggering an emotional reaction such as terror.

A

amygdala

176
Q

Located beneath the structures of the limbic system, the _____ includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

A

brainstem

177
Q

Just below the thalamus is the _____, which keeps the body’s systems in a steady state.

A

hypothalamus

178
Q

The cortex overlaying each hemisphere is separated into several different:

A

lobes.

179
Q

The _____ includes the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

A

limbic system

180
Q

What coordinates movement between the right and left sides of the body.

A

medulla

181
Q

What helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.

A

medulla

182
Q

What responsible for levels of arousal and quickly analyzes sensory information on its way to the cortex.

A

medulla

183
Q

Hearing and language comprehension are largely handled by the:

A

temporal lobes

184
Q

Located immediately beneath the structures of the _____, the brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

A

limbic system

185
Q

What is responsible for muscle coordination and balance.

A

cerebellum

186
Q

Who conducted a study of dogs that provided evidence for the motor cortex’s involvement in muscle movement.

A

Fritsch and Hitzig

187
Q

The great majority of the data picked up by the sensory systems, except olfaction, pass through the _____ before moving to the cortex for processing.

A

thalamus

188
Q

The body has two main systems of communication, including the fast-acting _____ and the slower _____.

A

nervous system; endocrine system

189
Q

The brain and spinal cord are protected by the _____, which is a layer of three thin membranes.

A

meninges

190
Q

Neurons from the digestive system send signals to the _____, which then sends signals to higher regions of the brain.

A

hypothalamus

191
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for the basic emotions and the memories associated with them

A

The amygdala.

192
Q

The largest part of the brain, which includes the cerebral cortex and the limbic system

A

the forebrain

193
Q

What processes information and is the layer of cells surrounding nearly all the brain’s structures.

A

cerebral cortex

194
Q

What is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles and appetite.

A

hypothalamus

Psychology 101 (1 decks)

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