Test 1

Question 1

Cultural anthropology

Answer 1

The subfield that studies the way of life of contemporary and historically recent human populations

Question 2

Ethnology

Answer 2

The study of human cultures from a comparative perspective; often used as a synonym for cultural anthropology

Question 3

Ethnography

Answer 3

A written description of the way of life of some human population

Question 4

Enculturation

Answer 4

The transmission of cultural knowledge to the next generation

Question 5

Ethnocentrism

Answer 5

The attitude or opinion that the morals, vaules, and customs of one’s own culture are superior to those of other peoples

Question 6

Cultural relativism

Answer 6

The notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of one’s own culture.
A research tool, not ideaology

Question 7

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 7

The idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and worldview of its speakers

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

Theoretical orientation that analyzes cultural elements in terms of their useful effects to individuals or to the persistence of the whole society

Question 9

Neoevolutionsism

Answer 9

The mid-twentieth-century rebirth of evolutionary approaches to the theoretical study of culture

Question 10

Evolutionary Psychology (Sociobiology)

Answer 10

Scientific approach emphasizing that humans are animals and so are subject to similar evolutionary forces as other animals; associated with the hypothesis that behavior patterns enchance inclusive fitness

Question 11

Materialism

Answer 11

Theoretical orientation claiming that the main influences on cultural differences and similarities are technology, environment, and how people produce and distribute resources

Question 12

Postmodernists

Answer 12

Those who follow the philosophical viewpoint that emphasizes the relativity of all knowledge, including science; focus on how the knowledge of a particular time and place is constructed, especially on how power relations affect the creation and spead of ideas and beliefs

Question 13

Participant Observation

Answer 13

The main technique used in conducting ethnographic fieldwork, involving living among a people and participating in their daily activities

Question 14

Fieldwork

Answer 14

Ethnographic research that involves observing and interviewing the members of a culture to describe their current way of life

Question 15

Culture

Answer 15

The socially learned knowledge and patterns of behavior shared by some group of people

Question 16

Culture Shock

Answer 16

The feeling of uncertainty and anxiety an individual experiences when placed in a strange cultural setting

Question 17

Foraging

Answer 17

Adaptations based on the harvest of wild plants and animals

Question 18

Horticulture

Answer 18

A method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used and in which land use is extensive

Question 19

Pastoralism

Answer 19

Adaptation in which the needs of livestock for naturally occurring pasture and water greatly influence the movements of groups

Question 20

Nomadism

Answer 20

Seasonal mobility, often involving migration to high-altitude areas during the hottest and driest parts of the year

Question 21

Transhumance

Answer 21

The pastoral pattern involving migration to different elevations to respond to seasonal differences in the availability of pasturelands

Question 22

Agricluture

Answer 22

Intnetional planting, cultivation, care, and harvest of domesticated food plants

Question 23

Intensive Agriculture

Answer 23

A system of clutivation in which plots are planted annually or semi-anually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and plows powered by animals

Question 24

Industrialism

Answer 24

Development of technology to harness the energy of fossil fuels to increase productivity, profits, and the availability of consumer commodities

Question 25

Reciprocity

Answer 25

The transfer of goods for goods between two or more individuals or groups

Question 26

Redistribution

Answer 26

The collection of goods or money from a group, followed by a reallocation to the group by a central authority

Question 27

Archaeology

Answer 27

Investigates the human past through the excavation and analysis of material remains.
Prehistoric archaeoSmlogy, historic archaeology.

Question 28

Biological/physical archaeology

Answer 28

Closely related to the biological sciences in its goals and methods.

Question 29

Primatology

Answer 29

evolution, anatomy, adaptation, social behavior of primates.

Question 30

Human Variation

Answer 30

Investigate how and why human populations vary physically due to hereditary, genetic factors.

Question 31

Paleoanthropology

Answer 31

Bones, fossils of early humans and homnids

Question 32

Folkways

Answer 32

Rules of appropriate behavior

Question 33

Mores

Answer 33

Stronger rules w/ a moral component. Often sanctions if violated

Question 34

Moral Relativism

Answer 34

Holds that there are no absolute, universal standards by which to evaluate actions in terms such as right and wrong or good and bad.

Question 35

Samuel Morton

Answer 35

Scientific basis for race was needed. Mustard seed experiment.

Question 36

Discreteness

Answer 36

Allows a limited set of elements to be combined in vertain ways to allow an almost infinite capacity for communication

Question 37

Arbitrariness

Answer 37

Most words represent something or idea unrelated to the world: no reason behind them

Question 38

Displacement

Answer 38

WE can speak of things which; are not present in both space and time, do not even exist

Question 39

Multimedia Potential

Answer 39

While language in its original sense refers only to speech, we have adapted it to different modes of transmission; writing, sign language, touch

Question 40

Animal call systems

Answer 40

Only in response to stimuli, vervets have 3 primary predators. Apes can learn language in a limited way. (displacement)

Question 41

Early anthropology

Answer 41

Developed in Europe, travel journals/books

Question 42

Materialism

Answer 42

Main reason for cultural similarities and differences are technology, environment, and the production and distribution of resources

Question 43

Post Modernism

Answer 43

Focuses on the cultural construction of reality, even the methods and assumptions of science are rooted in culture. Science can never be objective; always influenced by the thinking of the day.

Question 44

Emic approach

Answer 44

Attempts to understand a culture and its meanings from the perspective of a native person. Living in the culture. “Insiders view”

Question 45

Etic Approach

Answer 45

Takes an “objective” third-party perspective describing culture as a set of interrelated functions. “outsiders view”

Question 46

Ideal Culture

Answer 46

Comprised of those beliefs and behaviors which areprescribed: What people are supposed to do and want others to think about

Question 47

Real Culture

Answer 47

What people actually do

Question 48

Foraging life

Answer 48

Few children, body fat, late menarche, nursing (hormones, low body fat), children must be caried everywhere.

Question 49

Foragers you should know:

Answer 49

Inuit-Arctic
Mbuti- Ituri Rainforest
Snoshone- Great Basin
Ju/Hoansi- Kalahari Desert

Question 50

Horticulture Life

Answer 50

Extensive agriculture, hunters and gardners, may do foraging and raise animals, large societies, sednetary, tropical forests or dryland gardening, balanced reciprocity.