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Anatomy 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses?

A 
Vision 
Taste
Smell
Hearing
Equilibrium
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2
Q

Are the special senses somatic or autonomic?

A

Majority are somatic, some are autonomic (ex eyes dilating)

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3
Q

Eye and vision are what percent of the brain?

A

70% of sensory receptors and half of the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Primary data and associative data

A

primary data is actual visual data

associative data is knowing what something is

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5
Q

what portion of the eye ball is seen

A

1/6 is seen, the rest is surrounded by fat for protection

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6
Q

Palpebral

A

aka eyelids

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7
Q

tarsal plates

A

hard tissue in eyelid

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8
Q

what lifts the upper eyelid

A

anchor orbiularis oculi and elevator palpable superioris

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9
Q

lateral commissures and medial commissures

A

inside and outside corners of eyes

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10
Q

Eye glands

A

tarsal glands
ciliary glands
conjunctiva glands
lacrimal glands

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11
Q

Tarsal glands

A

oily secretion, lubricates eye

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12
Q

Ciliary Glands

A

between hair follicles, modified sweat glands

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13
Q

Conjunctiva glands

A

Bulbar conjunctiva- covers eyeball
Conjunctiva sac- red part below eye
Palpebral conjunctiva- over eye lid
TONS OF BLOOD

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14
Q

why doesn’t the conjunctiva glands over the whole front of the eye?

A

The blood vessels would blur vision

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15
Q

Lacrimal Glands

A

produce tears, secrete lysosomes, antibodies, saline and mucus

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16
Q

Flow of secretion from the lacrimal gland (aka tears)

A 
gravity
Lacrimal gland
exterior ducts of lacrimal gland
lacrimal punctum
thru lacrimal cancel
nasolacrimal duct
inferior meatus of nasal cavity
nostril
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17
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

4 rectus and 2 oblique

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18
Q

4 rectus muscles

A

Inferior and superior- bilateral, in sync

lateral and medial-work together unless going crosseyed

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19
Q

Oblique eye muscles

A

superior and inferior, insertion on lateral side

trochlea is a pulley for superior oblique

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20
Q

LR6
SO4
3

A

Lateral rectus: canal nerve 6
Superior Oblique: cranial nerve 4
All others: cranial nerve 3

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21
Q

if the right eye is deviating medially, what muscles are weak?

A

lateral rectus

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22
Q

Infected tarsal gland

A

cyst calledchalazion forms

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23
Q

ciliary gland infections

A

leads to stye

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24
Q

conjunctivits

A

ink eye, bacteria and virus, HIGHLY contagious

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25
Q

lacrimal duct inflammation

A

swelling constricts ducts, preventing dratinging Watery eyes

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26
Q

diplopia

A

double vision, bilateral extrinsic eye muscle not coordinated, forms two similar but different images, cause by paralysis, extrinsic eye muscle weakness, neurological disorders, alcohol

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27
Q

strabismus

A

cross eye congenital or acquired, weakness of extrinsic eye muscles, rotates opposite of weakness, brain disregards inputs from deviant eye, functionally blind

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28
Q

Sclera

A

aka fibrous layer, whites of your eyes, front is cornea, light goes thru and lands on retina

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29
Q

Vascular layer

A

blood to all layers of the eye

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30
Q

Ciliary body

A

pulls on lens to contract and retract it

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31
Q

lens

A

focuses light

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32
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye, adjusts pupil to let appropriate amount of light in

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33
Q

sphincter muscles

A

get smaller when they contract

ex: ciliary bodies and iris

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34
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

between lens and ciliary body, change tensions to change tension in lens
contracted = smaller = less tension

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35
Q

posterior segment

A

everything posterior to lens

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36
Q

anterior segment

A

everything anterior to lens
filled with aqueous humor
divided by iris into anterior chamber and posterior chamber

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37
Q

Why is the cornea clear?

A

it lacks blood vessels and covers the whole eye, outer layer is continuous with derimata

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38
Q

close vision

A

sphincter pupillae (is small,) contracts and constricts, under parasympathetic control

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39
Q

distant vison

A

dilator pupillae (is large) relaxes, pupil dilates, under sympathetic control

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40
Q

Inner Layer (Retinal/Neural Layer)

A

outer pigmented layer

inner neural layer

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41
Q

outer pigmented layer of Retina

A

next to choroid, absorbs lights, prevents scattering, phaocytizes fragments, stores vitamin A

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42
Q

Inner Neural Layer of Retina

A

3 types of neurons:
photoreceptors (rods and cones)
bipolar cells
ganglion cells

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43
Q

Bipolar cells

A

connected to rods and cones, take info and synthesizes it, send stop ganglion cells

44
Q

Ganglion cells

A

send off action potential to optic nerve (#2) to usual cortex of brain where optic nerve leaves eye, lacks photo receptors aka blind spot aka optic disc

45
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones, are stimulated by light and send message to bipolar cells

46
Q

Rods

A

dim light, low resolution, grey shades, more numerous, more sensitive, peripheral vision

47
Q

Cones

A

bright light, less numerous, color vision, high resolution, less sensitive, more central

48
Q

Focal point

A

Macula lutea- lateral to blind spot, mostly cones

Fovea Centralis- center of Macula Lutea, all cones, best visual activity

49
Q

Blood supply to retina

A

chorioid- to layers

central artery and vein- thru optic nerve, spreads at optic disc

50
Q

Retinal detachment

A

pigmented and neural layers separate, from something traumatic, treatment: laser surgery

51
Q

glaucoma

A

aqueous humor drainage blockages, compresses retina and optic nerve symptoms: few early sings, late signs are seeing halos, and blurred vision
tx: drops to increase drainage
detection- intraocular pressure, puff of air in cornea, check every year after 40

52
Q

Cataracts

A

crystallin proteins clump
causes- aging, diabetes mellitus, smoking, sunlight exposure
tx: lens replacement

53
Q

Focusing on light using rods and cones

A

each color has rods and cones that are stimulated at a specific frequency

54
Q

Pathway of light thru the eyeball

A

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, virtuous humor, neural layer of retina, photo receptors

55
Q

3 places light is refracted

A

Cornea, entering lens, leaving lens

56
Q

Thick lens refracts less or more light

A

more

57
Q

convex lens

concave lens

A

convex lens- converge rays

concave lens- diverge rays

58
Q

Seeing distant objects

A

light is converged less than closer object, little binding means thin lens

59
Q

Close Vision

A

lens is buldged

60
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness, eyeball is too long, focal point in front of retina, corrected with a convex lens

61
Q

Hyperopia

A

far sightedness, eyeball to short, tees convex lens

62
Q

presbyopia

A

lens hardens with age

63
Q

astigmatism

A

unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens

64
Q

colorblindness

A

lack of one or more cone pigments. inherited linked common in males most common type is red and green

65
Q

Pathway of visual info through brain

A 
Retina, 
optic nerve, 
optic chiasm (MEDIAL FIBERS CROSS HERE)
optic tracts
lateral geniculate uncle of thalamus
optic radiation
Primary visual cortex
66
Q

Depth of Perception:

A

comparing inputs from both eyes bc they’re at different angles

67
Q

Pathway of sound

A 
External Ear
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane
bones of middle ear (incus, malleus and stapes)
Pharyngealtypanic tube
Cochlea
back to round window
swallow to relief pressure
68
Q

Tensor tympanic muscles and stapedious muscle

A

contracts to stabilize ear drum during loud sounds

69
Q

Otitis media

A

middle ear inflammation kids with sore throat, shorter more horizontal auditory tubes, most frequent cause of hearing loss in kids

70
Q

inside cochlea

A

scala vestibuli- abducts oval window
scala media- cochlear duct
scala tympani-contains perilymph

71
Q

scala vestibuli

A

top is vestibular membrane, bottom is tectorial membrane

72
Q

amplitude and pitch

A

pitch is frequency of sound waves, amplitude is loudness

73
Q

normal conversations dB level

A

50 dB

74
Q

hearing loss dB

A

90 dB

75
Q

basilar membrane

A

what cochlea sits on

76
Q

high frequency
medium frequency
low frequency

A

high- vibrate near base bc it’s stiff
medium- vibrate basilar membrane near middle
low-vibrates on opposite floppy end

77
Q

Basilar membrane tells what

A

amplitude not location

78
Q

Afferent hair cells

A

inner hair cells, bend at their base, detect sound

79
Q

Efferent hair cells

A

outer cels contract and stretch, change stiffness of basilar membrane
2 functions:
amplifying motion of basilar membrane to increase”fine tuning” of inner ear
decrease motion of basilar membrane, protects hair cells from loud sounds

80
Q

Finding location of sound

A

relative intensity and timing, sound waves rich both ears but are greater on one side

81
Q

Deafness

A

Conductive deafness- blocked sound, external or middle ear ear wax, perforated ear drum, otitis media, ostclerosis (bones can’t move)
Sensorineural deafness- problems with cochlea, typically gradual hair cell loss, fixed with cochlear implants

82
Q

Tinnitus

A

ringing/buzzing in ear, damaged cochlea, hear at damaged frequency, inflammation of middle or internal ears

83
Q

missing Pinnae

A

closed or absent acoustic meatus, maternal rubella causes sorineural deafness

84
Q

Equilibrium

A

sense of balance

85
Q

vestibule

A

detects rotation using fluid, senses linear acceleration not velocity

86
Q

Macula of utricle and macula and saccule

A

flat epithelium patch, hair cells with stereocilia,

87
Q

otolith membrane

A

like jello, wobbles to bend hair cells to detect movement, otoliths sit onto, increase membrane movement

88
Q

What cranial nerve detects balance

A

CN8

89
Q

Bendig hairs in direction of kinocila

A

depolarizes hair cells, increases NT releases, sends to CN VIII (vestibular portion)

90
Q

Bending hairs in opposite direction of kinocilia

A

hyper polarizes receptors, less NT release, Reduces rate of AP’s

91
Q

Utricle Maculae

A

vertical hairs

detects forward and backwards motion

92
Q

Saccule Maculae

A

horizontal hairs

detects up and down ovement

93
Q

Cristae ampullares

A

part of semicircular canals

detects angular acceleration, inertia causes endolymph to move, hair cells to bend, depolarization of hair cells

94
Q

complimentary semicircular ducts

A

work opposite eachother/mirror images

1 increases action potential, other decreases action potential, brain compares both to find balance

95
Q

vestibular nystagmus

A

eye movement during and immediately after rotation
as rotation begins, eyes drift in opposite direction of rotation, then rapidly jump forward toward direction of rotation
as rotation ends, movement is rapid in opposite direction

96
Q

Motion sickness

A

sensory inputs mismatched,
visual input differs form equilibrium input
causes nausea

97
Q

Meziere’s syndrome

A

labyrinth disorder affects cochlea and semicircular canals, causes vertigo, nausea and vomiting

98
Q

Activation of olfactory senses

A 
dissolved odorants ind to receptor
generating receptor potential
at treshold, AP is conducted
olfactory epithelium
olfactory nerve
olfactory tract, info converges
99
Q

smell transduction

A

odorant binds to receptor
activating a Gprotien (Golf) -smell AMPLIFIED
causes cAMP (2nd messenger) synthesis
cAMP opens Na+ and Ca2+ channels- smell AMPLIFIED
Na+influx causes depolarization and impulse transmission

100
Q

Adaptation

A

Ca2+ influx causes decreased response to a sustained stimulus

101
Q

Olfactory pathway

A 
Olfactory nerves
mitral cells in glomeruli
olfactory tracts
olfactory cortex first
thalamus
frontal cortex
limbic system-emotional response
only sensory input that doesn't go through the thalamus
102
Q

anosmia

A

cant smell, caused by head injury, nasal cavity inflammation, neurological disorders

103
Q

Types and location of taste buds

A

Fungiform Papillae- scattered across tongue
Foliate Papillae- side walls of tongue
Vallate Papillae- form V at back of tongue

104
Q

Cells that make up taste buds

A

Gusty epithelial cells- taste receptors, have microvilli called gustatory hairs, project into taste pores

Basal epithelial cells- stem cells, replace damaged cells

105
Q

5 tastes and what chemically causes them

A 
sweet-sugar
salty- metal ions (ex: NaCl)
sour-H+ 
bitter- alkaloids
unami- amino acids
106
Q

Ageusia

Hypogeusia

A

can’t taste

reduced ability to taste

107
Q

Nerve innovation of tongue

A

facial nerve- anterior 2/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal- posterior 1/3 of tongue
Vague nerve- transmits from epiglottis and lower pharynx (stimulates digestive system)

Anatomy 2 (1 decks)

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