Test 1

Question 1

Konrad Adenauer

Answer 1

The first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, who stood at the head of the newly-formed state from 1949-63, changed the face of post-war German and European history more than any other individual.

A cornerstone of Adenauer’s foreign policy was reconciliation with France. Together with French President Charles de Gaulle a historic turning point was achieved: in 1963 the one-time arch-enemies Germany and France signed a treaty of friendship, which became one of the milestones on the road to European integration.

Question 2

Joseph Bech

Answer 2

how a small country can play a crucial role in European integration

Joseph Bech was the Luxembourgish politician that helped set up the European Coal and Steel Community in the early 1950s and a leading architect behind European integration in the later 1950s.

It was a joint memorandum from the Benelux countries that led to the convening of the Messina Conference in June 1955, paving the way for the European Economic Community.

Question 3

Alcide de Gasperi

Answer 3

From 1945 to 1953, in his roles as Italian Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister, Alcide De Gasperi forged the path of the country’s destiny in the post-war years.

Time and time again he promoted initiatives aimed at the fusion of Western Europe, working on the realisation of the Marshall Plan and creating close economic ties with other European countries, in particular France.

Question 4

Walter Hallstein

Answer 4

Walter Hallstein was the first President of the European Commission from 1958 to 1967, a committed European and a decisive proponent of European integration.

As President of the European Commission, Hallstein worked towards a rapid realisation of the Common Market. His energetic enthusiasm and powers of persuasion furthered the cause of integration even beyond the period of his presidency. During his mandate, the integration advanced significantly.

Question 5

Jean Monnet

Answer 5

The French political and economic adviser Jean Monnet dedicated himself to the cause of European integration. He was the inspiration behind the ‘Schuman Plan’, which foresaw the merger of west European heavy industry.

Monnet was from the Cognac region of France. When he left school at 16 he travelled internationally as a cognac dealer, later also as a banker. During both world wars he held high-level positions relating to the coordination of industrial production in France and the United Kingdom.

Question 6

Robert Schuman

Answer 6

The statesman Robert Schuman, a qualified lawyer and French foreign minister between 1948 and 1952, is regarded as one of the founding fathers of European unity.

In cooperation with Jean Monnet he drew up the internationally renowned Schuman Plan, which he published on 9 May 1950, the date now regarded as the birth of the European Union. He proposed joint control of coal and steel production, the most important materials for the armaments industry. The basic idea was that whoever did not have control over coal and steel production would not be able to fight a war.

Question 7

Charles de Gaulle

Answer 7

First President of the 5th Republic.

Question 8

Margaret Thatcher

Answer 8

Prime Minister of Britain behind the British Rebate

Question 9

Jacques Delors

Answer 9

president of the Commission who pushed for the Single European Act to strengthen both the Commission and the groups bargaining power. He wanted a common currency but was unsuccessful in pulling it off.

Question 10

Intergovernmental organizations

Answer 10

• At least 3 members
• Created through formal agreement
• Have activities in several states
• Possesses a permanent secretariat or other indication of institutionalization

Question 11

Intergovernmental versus Supranational approaches to European integration

Answer 11

1

Question 12

Original membership of the ECSC

Answer 12

France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

Question 13

Principle of Subsidiarity

Answer 13

You have to do things at the lowest effective level

Question 14

Principle of Proportionality

Answer 14

You can only do stuff if the treaty says you can

Question 15

Common Agricultural Policy

Answer 15

Included Agriculture in the common market.
• Food security
• Very interventionist policy
• France and Germany fought over whether to include AG in the EEC with France, wanting to have investment to industrialize their agriculture, desiring them to be included and Germany objecting since their agriculture was more advanced. France prevailed by insisting they wouldn’t join unless agriculture was included
• CAP established a free market in Agriculture
• Guaranteed profit for farmers
• Established a European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund and established financial solidarity

Question 16

The British rebate

Answer 16

Seven years after Britain joins the EU Britain demanded a rebate from the EU while Britain was in a strong bargaining position. Britain did not benefit as greatly from the EU as they wanted and wanted money back. She said “I want my own money back” The EU says no and Britain keeps stonewalling and making a mess over everything until they get their rebate on an interim basis from 1980-83. In 1984 a permanent agreement is made in the Compromise of Fontainebleau and Francois Mitterrand as European Council President gives Britain 66% of its contribution back in return for Britain’s vote on a list of issues

Question 17

The Empty Chair crisis

Answer 17

France disagreed with a European Commission proposal to enforce tariffs earlier and move funding from nations to the community and walked away from negotiations in the European Council. France wanted to re-write the rules to make it unanimous voting and keep the tariffs until 1970.

De Gaulle was forced back to the negotiating table by internal pressure from the French business community and the Election.

Question 18

Luxembourg Compromise

Answer 18

Luxembourg compromise ends the Empty Chair crisis with an unofficial decision to have a unanimous vote, but causes other dysfunction and eventually the compromise fades out over several years

Question 19

Delors Report

Answer 19

The plan to craft monetary union.

Question 20

Common Foreign and Security Policy

Answer 20

Established under the Maastricht treaty. Security policy that every state agrees to and is bound by. Especially important in negotiating trade policy as a block.

Question 21

European Monetary Union

Answer 21

Created at Maastricht. Britain and Denmark are not members

Question 22

Enlargements of the European Community

Answer 22

Portugal- joined in 1986
1983- agreement with the IMF
Link to Spain

Spain- joined in 1986
Common Agricultural Policy and fisheries
Reluctance to institute the VAT or end protectionist policies
British budgetary question

Question 23

The Council of Europe

Answer 23

Formed at the congress of Europe after WW2 that sought to unify Europe. It still exists but is entirely intergovernmental. Dissatisfaction with the Council led to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community. A fight over supranational vs international governance

Question 24

European Coal and Steel Community

Answer 24

1Founded after WW2 to help Germany and France cooperate on shared coal and steel production.

Question 25

Euratom

Answer 25

European Atomic Community. It has diminished in significance as Atomic energy has diminished.

Question 26

European Defense Community

Answer 26

An attempt to build a unified European army but France killed the project due to their French Marxist element and the Gaullists who were skeptical of transnationalism

Question 27

European Economic Community

Answer 27

ECSC turned into the European Economic Community (1957)

Goals of the EEC

• Increase economic trade
• Increase the level of interdependence
• Removing barriers to trade

Question 28

What are the main arguments of realism, neorealism, liberalism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism? Which best describes the development of the European Union

Answer 28

Realism = Power

Liberalism= Interdependence (EU)

Constructivism = Root Causes

Question 29

Rome

Answer 29

Created the European Economic Community (EEC)

Question 30

Paris

Answer 30

Established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

Question 31

Lisbon

Answer 31

Signed in 2007 and came into force in 2009.

Increasing democracy and transparency
Strengthened the EP

Involvement of national parliaments- monitoring subsidiarity

Procedure to withdraw from the EU

Double majority procedure in the Council beginning in 2014

55% of member states representing 65% of the citizens

One Commissioner per state

Question 32

Maastricht

Answer 32

Treaty on European Union

Established EU

Common Monetary Policy

Common security policy

Question 33

Amsterdam

Answer 33

Gave Co-Decision to the EU Parliament on certain issues

Common Strategies; “Constructive abstention”; Qualified Majority Voting used for applying a common strategy or implementing a common position already adopted.

Sanctions for member state deviations from core values

Court of Justice

Question 34

Nice

Answer 34

Increased the number of seats in Parliament

Larger countries give up their second commissioner

One commissioner per country

For legislation to pass, the votes in the council must represent at least 62% of the EU population

Irland failed to ratify until after the Seville Declaration