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Epidemiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define epidemiology

A

a public health basic science which studies the distribution and determinants of health related states or evens in populations to control disease and illness and promote health

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2
Q

Distribution of Disease Characteristics

A
  1. Frequencies of disease occurrences
  2. Patterns of disease occurrences
    • Encompases: person place time
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3
Q

What is Descriptive Epidemiology?

A

Who/When/Where the 3 W’s

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4
Q

Determinants of Disease Characteristics

A
  • Factors of Susceptibility
  • Etiology
  • Modes of transmission
  • Social/environment/biology elements that determine the occurrence/presence of disease
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5
Q

What is analytic epidemiology

A

Why/How

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6
Q

Objectives/Activities in epidemiology

A
  1. Identify patterns/trends
  2. Determine extent
  3. Study natural course
  4. Identify the causes/risk factors
  5. Evaluate effectiveness of measures
  6. Assist in developing public health policy
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7
Q

What are the Epi. assumptions?

A

Disease occurrence is not random
Investigation can identify associations and casual/preventive factors
Making comparisons is the cornerstone of investigation

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8
Q

6 Core Functions of Epidemiology

A
  1. Public Health surveillance
  2. Field investigation
  3. Analytic studies
  4. Evaluation
  5. Linkages
  6. Policy development
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9
Q

What are the epidemiological approaches?

A
  1. Counting
  2. Dividing
  3. Comparing
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10
Q

Define epidemic

A

occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

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11
Q

Define outbreak

A

an epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease

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12
Q

Define endemic

A

the constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

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13
Q

Define Emergency of International Concern

A

an epidemic that alerts the world to the need for high vigilance (pre-pandemic)

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14
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic spread world-wide

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15
Q

Passive surveillance system

A

relies on healthcare system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions
-waits for reports to come in, in order to track disease frequency/occurrence over time within populations

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16
Q

Active surveillance system

A

public health officials go into communities to search for new-onset or present disease/condition cases

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17
Q

Syndromic surveillance system

A

a system that looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patients related to trackable-but-rare disease/conditions

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18
Q

Define the Epidemic Curve

A

a graphical, time-based depiction generated during an outbreak/epidemic reflecting the # of cases by date
-a histogram incorporating all 3 elements of descriptive epidemiology

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19
Q

What 2 broad elements does the Epidemic Curve depict?

A
  1. magnitude/Timing of disease occurrence

2. Pattern (shape) of disease occurrence

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20
Q

What are the 3 factors in comparing measures of disease frequency between groups?

A
  1. # of people affected/impacted (frequency/count)
  2. Size of the source population OR those at risk
  3. Length of time the source population is followed
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21
Q

What are the measures of disease frequency?

A

Incidence-new cases of disease

Prevalence- existing cases of disease + new cases of disease

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22
Q

Define case definition

A

a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance
-enable public health to classify & count cases consistently across reporting jurisdictions

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23
Q

What are the 3 basic types of relative measures of disease frequencies utilized by epidemiologist?

A
  • Proportions
  • Ratios
  • Rates
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24
Q

What are the 3 key factors in comparing measures of disease frequency between groups?

A
  1. # of people affected/impacted
  2. Size of the source population or those at risk
  3. Length of time the source population is followed
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25
Q

Define incidence

A

new cases of disease

-term is a proportion and factor in the “at risk” or “base” population

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26
Q

Define prevalence

A

existing cases plus new cases of disease

-term is a proportion and factor in the “at risk” or “base” population

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27
Q

What is the equation for incidence rate?

A

(# of new cases of disease)/(total person-time at risk for the disease)

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28
Q

In dynamic populations, the denominator is commonly quantified or estimated using:

A

-sum of the actual time of evaluation for each individual in the population being followed
-population at the start, middle, or end of the year
-the average population over the entire year
ALSO CALLED INCIDENCE DENSITY

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29
Q

What is the equation for prevalence?

A

(# of existing cases of a disease) / (# of total population)

30
Q

Define infectivity

A

the ability to invade a patient (host)

-(# infected) / (#susceptible)(at risk)

31
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

the ability to cause clinical disease

- (# with clinical disease)/ (# of people infected)

32
Q

Define virulence

A

the ability to cause death

of deaths)/ (# with infectious disease

33
Q

What is the equation for crude morbidity rate?

A

(# of persons with disease) / (# of persons in pop.)

34
Q

What is the equation for crude mortality rate?

A

(# of deaths (all causes)) / (# of persons in population)

35
Q

What is the equation for cause-specific morbidity rate?

A

(# of persons with cause-specific disease)/

of persons in population

36
Q

What is the equation for cause-specific mortality rate?

A

(# of cause-specific deaths)/ (# of persons in population)

37
Q

What is the equation for case-fatality rate?

A

(# of cause-specific deaths) / (# of cases of disease)

38
Q

What is the equation for cause-specific survival rate?

A

(# of cause-specific cases alive) / (# of cases of disease)

39
Q

What is the equation for proportional mortality rate?

A

(# of cause-specific deaths) / (total # of deaths in population)

40
Q

What is the equation for live birth rate?

A

(# of live births)/ (1,000 population)

41
Q

What is the equation for fertility rate?

A

(# of live births)/ (1,000 women of childbearing age (15-44))

42
Q

What is the equation for neonatal mortality rate?

A

(# of deaths in those <28 days of age) / (1,000 live births)

43
Q

What is the equation for postnatal mortality rate?

A

( # of deaths in those >28 days but less than 1 year) /

1,000 live births

44
Q

What is the equation for infant mortality rate?

A

(# of deaths in those <1 year of age) / (1,000 live births)

45
Q

What is the equation for maternal mortality ratio?

A

(# of female deaths related to pregnancy) /

100,000 live births

46
Q

What is the relative risk?

A

-ratio of outcome in the exposed vs the unexposed group

47
Q

What is the absolute risk?

A

-difference in risk of outcome between the exposed and unexposed gorups

48
Q

Define risk

A

-a proportion that shows the probability of a certain outcome in an exposed or unexposed group

49
Q

Define Number needed to treat

A

-the number of patients that need to be treated to have one positive outcome/cause harm

50
Q

Define number needed to harm

A

-number of patients that need to be treated for one of them to be benefited/harmed

51
Q

Define crude

A
  • total population is the denominator

- all deaths as numerator

52
Q

Define cause-specific

A

-total population still denominator, specific deaths as numerator

53
Q
  • True or false
  • All other things being equal, when a new disease prevention measure for a disease is developed and implemented in the public, the prevalence of the disease will decrease over time
A
  • True
  • By preventing the occurrence of disease through use of preventive measures, there are fewer potential cases of disease (numerator) that can develop in the total population (denominator). Prevalence calculations use a denominator that includes all subjects in the population and does not exclude patients who are not at risk, as is the case with the incidence calculation. Over time, few numbers of the population represented by the denominator of the prevalence calculation will get disease and the number of new cases each year will decrease and over time will cause the numerator of the prevalence calculation to decrease.
54
Q

-True or false
When a patient is formally diagnosed with a disease, be it infectious or non-infectious, epidemiologists will utilize that patient (their diagnosis) in the calculation of both the incidence and the prevalence of that disease.

A
  • True
  • It is true that new cases of a disease, termed incident cases, are not only a part of the incidence calculation but instantly are also a part of the prevalence calculation since this later term factors in new incident cases and all existing cases of the disease. The differences between these epidemiological measures of disease frequency is that the numerator of the prevalence calculation includes new, unique cases in addition to those patients who have existing disease during the study time frame. Additionally, the denominator of the incidence calculation may only include those patients known/suspected to be at risk of the disease/condition, if applicable or determinable.
55
Q

Define dynamic population

A

-population that cannot be determined by a single number

56
Q

Define fixed population

A

-population that can be determined by a single number

57
Q

What are the stages of disease timeline

A
  • Susceptibility-exposed
  • Subclinical disease-pathologic changes
  • Clinical disease-onset of symptoms; diagnosis
  • Recovery, disability, death
58
Q

Define induction & incubation period

A

-time between exposure & onset of disease

59
Q

Define latency period

A

-time between onset of disease & disease detection

60
Q

What are proportions?

A

-division of 2 RELATED NUMBERS

61
Q

What are ratios?

A

-Division of 2 UNRELATED numbers

62
Q

What are rates?

A

-A proportion with TIME incorporated into the denominator

63
Q

What to do when we are evaluating a population in which it would be near-impossible to determine who IS and who ISNT at risk during known time?

A

-Estimate the total population and assume everyone is at risk, unless otherwise more precisely-predictable, e.g. from vaccinate rates

64
Q

What to do when indivudals not followed for the same amount of time?

A

-Count their at-risk-time during known evaluation period

65
Q

In DYNAMIC populations, the denominator is commonly quantified or estimated using:

A
  1. the sum of the actual time of evaluation for each indivual int he population being followed
  2. the population at the start, middle, or end of the year
  3. the average population over the year
66
Q

When is incidence rate called incidence density?

A

-when incidence rates is summed over multiple time periods

67
Q

What is the counterfactual theory?

A
  • all else being equal in the same group, the outcome if the exposure DIDN’T occur
  • smoker’s risk of coronary heart disease
68
Q

What does exchangeability =?

A

Exchangeability=comparability with respect to all other determinants of outcome

69
Q

When interpreting ratios, look for

A
  1. Group comparison orientation
  2. Direction of words
  3. Magnitude
70
Q

What is odds?

A
  • frequency of exposure vs. frequency of not being exposed

- not a simple percetnage, its a ratio

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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