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SPHP 126 > Test 1 ch 4 > Flashcards

Test 1 ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

In our profession there is an..

A

-increase emphasis on birth-3 years

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2
Q

-Increase preemies with feeding problems leads to

A

SSD/oral motor kids we see later

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3
Q

When we gather case histories…

A

Always ask about feeding/sucking/swallowing problems

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4
Q

Owens, Farinella, & Metz 2015:

A
  • Initially, newborns cry on both inhalation and exhalation
  • The exhalation phase gradually increases
  • Crying helps children become accustomed to air flow across vocal folds
  • This early stimulation is necessary because speech sounds originate at the laryngeal level
  • However, noncrying sounds are much more important in the development of speech
  • These sounds are usually produced during feeding or in response to caregivers
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5
Q

Infraphonological Stage 1

A
  • Phonation
  • Birth to 2 months
  • Fussing, crying, coughing, sneezing, burping
  • All the beginning things
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6
Q

Infraphonological Stage 2

A
  • Primitive articulation
  • 1-4 months
  • Goo and coo happen(vocalizations are produced at the back of the oral cavity)
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7
Q

Infraphonological Stage 3

A
  • Expansion
  • 3-8 months
  • Vocal play, exploration, full vowels
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8
Q

Infraphonological stage 4

A
  • Cannonical babbling
  • 5-10 months
  • Heres where we really get the divergence of hearing impaired or autisitc and hearing babies
  • Reduplicated babbling-same syllable; /babababababa/
  • Variegated babbling’ ex: /gadome/
  • First they master redupilcated
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9
Q

INTEGRATIVE STAGE

A
  • Onset of speech; may last till 18 mos. old, include first true words
  • Jargon
  • Gibbersih
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10
Q

What is Jargon?

A

meaningful words combined with nonmeaningful babbled sounds

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11
Q

What is Gibberish?

A

Sequenced but nonmeaningful syllables produced with adult-like prosody

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12
Q

TRANSITION PERIOD:

A
  • PROTOWORDS
  • Considered the link between babbling and adult like speech
  • Tied to a specific context
  • Often accompanied by a specific gesture
  • Babbling->Protowords-> Adult Speech
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13
Q

What are Protowords?

A
  • Vocalizations consistently produced under specified stimulus conditions
  • Not based on recognizable adult models
  • Not true words
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14
Q

FIRST REAL WORDS: MEANINGFUL SPEECH

A
  1. Stable—consistently produced
  2. Used in a particular stimulus context
  3. Must resemble the adult form
  4. predictable consequence (e.g., adult reaction)
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15
Q

What percent are single Phonemes developed and mastered?

A
  • Age of development: 50% of children produce sound accurately
  • Age of mastery: 75-90% of children produce sound accurately:
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16
Q

What age should certain phonemes be mastered?

A
  • By 3:0 years: /b,p,m,t,g,d,n,f,k,w,h,ng/

- 5-7 years:/j,sh,ch,l,s,r,v,z,th,th/

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17
Q

Consonant Clusters

A

-Information is contradictory
-Stop clusters (ex:bl-) mastered earlier than fricative clusters (ex: fr-)
-2-element clusters produced before 3- element clusters
-2 Consonant ex: Black, Frown
-3 Consonant ex: string, splash
-Correct production of some 3 member clusters around age 9
Ex: squirrel-skw, string-str

18
Q

Vowels

A
  • Very little information on development
  • Most vowels develop early(1-2 years of age)
  • Exceptions: /r/ vowles- between 4-6 years or even later
  • Hearing impaired ch have difficulty
19
Q

Common Errors:liquids

A

w/l w/r

Deletion in word-initial and word-final position

20
Q

Common Errors: Nasals

A

n/ng (word-final position)

21
Q

Common Errors: Alveolar and Palatal Fricatives and Affricates

A 
Stopping of /s/ -initial 
Ex: soup-toup      
Stopping of other fricatives and affricates, esp. in word-initial position 
Shu-du
-Dental distortions of /s/ 
Ex: sing-thing
-Deaffrication of /tsh/     tshu-shu
22
Q

Common Errors: Glides

A

-Deletion of /j/ , /w/
-Substitutions: h/j, l/j
-Examples: lello/yellow
hes/yes

23
Q

Common Errors: Labial and Dental Fricatives

A
  • f/th fum/thum
  • s/th sing/thing sIk/thik (s for th)
  • b/v beIs/veIs dub/duv
  • d/th(voiced) dIs/thIs
24
Q

Common Errors: Stops

A

-Deletions of word-final stops
-Fronting of velars
Ex: taet/kaet (instead of saying kaet they say taet)
dun/gun

25
Q

Obstruents

A
  • stops, fricatives, affricates (everything except glides, liquids, and nasals)
  • usually clusters are reduced to the obstruent*
  • Obstruent + /w/ clusters reduced to the obstruent
  • tɪn/twɪn kæk/kwæk
  • Obstruent + /l/ clusters reduced to the obstruent
  • fiŋ/fliŋ gæd/glæd
  • Obstruent + /r/ clusters ↓ to obstruent**
  • taɪ/traɪ kik/krik
  • Clusters with /s/ + consonant ↓ to /w/, nasal, or stop component of the cluster
  • wap/stap pɪt/spɪt nɪf/snɪf
  • Three-member clusters (e.g., squirrel) usually ↓ to stop
  • piŋ/spriŋ kɜ:ʳl/skwɜ:ʳl
26
Q

In consonant clusters…

A

Usually the /s/ and /r/ are deleted (marked sounds)

27
Q

By 5 years old what should be the Intelligibility of speech?

A

By 5 years old, most typically-developing ch are nearly 100% understandable

28
Q

What are the age ranges of intelligibility?

A
  • 19-24 mos=25-50% intelligible(what you can understand)
  • 2-3 years=50-75 %
  • 4-5 years= 75-90%
  • 5 + years= 90-100% (but maybe a few errors)
29
Q

NORMAL DEVELOPMENT: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES

A
  • Researchers have boiled this down to processes disappearing and persisting after 3 years of age
  • This helps us know what to treat in therapy and what not to worry about
30
Q

Processes Disappearing by 3 yrs.

A
  • Final consonant deletion (kae-/kaeb
  • Reduplication (baba/bottle)
  • Unstressed syllable deletion (-lest/celeste)
  • Velar Fronting(taen/kaen)
  • Diminutization (buki/buk)
  • Consonant assimilation (maem/maed)
31
Q

Processes Persisting After 3 yrs.

A
  • Vocalization (substitution of a vowel for a syllabic liquid-peIpo/peIpur, kwaeku/kraekur)
  • Final devoicing (raus/rauz)
  • Epenthesis (bulaek/blaek)
  • Stopping (lub/luv)
  • Prevocalic voicing (gait/kaIt)
  • Cluster reduction with /s/ (-pun/spun)
  • Gliding (w/r)
  • Metathesis (aeks/aesk)- sounds are kind of reversed
32
Q

What is Prelinguistics?

A

Infant vocalizations and infant speech perception

33
Q

what are Reflexive vocalizations?

A

Automatic responses reflecting the physical state of the infant, including crying, coughing, burping, and hiccupping

34
Q

What are nonreflexive vocalizations?

A

Voluntary productions, including cooing, babbling, and playful screaming and yelling

35
Q

What are Infraphonological skills ?

A

are early infant vocalizations that are not recognizable as adult sounds or syllables

36
Q

What is canonical babbling?

A

Infant vocalizations that include adult-like sounds and syllables

37
Q

What is a goo?

A

also called coos
a variable form of protophone in which the phonation is interrupted, due largely to the tongue dorsum coming in contact with the throat or palate.

38
Q

What are variegated babbles?

A

Vocalizations in which the consonantal and vocalic elements keep changing

39
Q

What is a true word?

A

Is what a child consistently produces in a particular stimulus context with a predictable consequence
-it has stable phonetic form, similar to adult word production

40
Q

What are Progressive idioms or advanced forms?

A

Advanced pronunciations in comparison to the childs current sound pattern or production of other words

41
Q

What are Regressive idioms or frozen forms?

A

Static or unchanging pronunciation of words despite a childs more advanced speech skills

SPHP 126 (3 decks)

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