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DC Biology > Test 1: Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Test 1: Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

study of life; most diverse field

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2
Q

What are the 12 levels of organization?

A

Atom, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, individual, population, community, ecosystems, biosphere

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3
Q

What are atoms?

A

smallest piece of a unit that retains properties
ex: carbon, oxygen

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4
Q

What are molecules?

A

two or more atoms joined together
ex: DNA, carbs

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5
Q

What are organelles?

A

intracellular structure with a particular job
ex: nucleus, mitochondria

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6
Q

What are cells?

A

smallest living unit
ex: neuron, hepatocyte

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7
Q

What are tissues?

A

many cells that are the same type working together
ex: muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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8
Q

What are organs?

A

different tissues working together
ex: kidneys, stomach

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9
Q

What is the organ system?

A

different organs that are working together
11 systems

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10
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

endocrine, skeletal, lymphatic, cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, integumentary, muscular, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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11
Q

What is individual?

A

an organism

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12
Q

What is a population?

A

many individuals of the same species

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13
Q

What is a community?

A

different populations interact with each other

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14
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

community and all of the non-living factors around them

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15
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The Earth

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16
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

organization of living organisms

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17
Q

What are the 2 main cell types?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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18
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

cell with membrane bound organelles, 10x size, seen without microscope, plants and animals

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19
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

cell that does not contain membrane bound organelles, single celled –> bacteria, 10x smaller, microscopic

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20
Q

Who created evolution?

A

Charles Darwin (1859)

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21
Q

What did Charles Darwin do to introduce evolution?

A

published a book, waited 20 years to publish

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22
Q

Who is Alfred Russell Wallace?

A

made Darwin publish book because he came to the same conclusion, was poor, self-taught

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23
Q

What are the principles of evolution?

A
  1. Descent from Modification
  2. Natural Selection
    - nature determines if traits are good or bad
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24
Q

What is inference?

A

what you can infer of an animal (why they can survive)
ex: snake - rattle, coloration, venom

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25
Q

What is Natural selection?

A

genetic change –> variations –> favorable traits

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26
Q

What is scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Analyze
  5. Formulate/Generate conclusion
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27
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

solids - strong bonds
liquids - weak bonds
gas - no bonds

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28
Q

What are elements?

A

pure substances

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29
Q

What are the elements of life?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
96% of living organisms are made of 4 elements

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30
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, fluorene, iron, iodine
4% of trace elements

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31
Q

What are compounds?

A

2 or more atoms joined together
ex: table salt: sodium chloride - NaCl

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32
Q

What are the three parts of an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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33
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons in nucleus

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34
Q

What are isotopes?

A

change in the number of neutrons
- radioactive

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35
Q

What is the goal of every atom?

A

to have full outermost energy shells

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36
Q

What determines the behavior of atoms?

A

electrons

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37
Q

What are the rules of electron configurations?

A
  1. 1st energy shell holds max of 2e-
  2. each subsequent energy shell holds a max of 8e-
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38
Q

What are the bonds?

A

Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, and hydrogen bonds

39
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

electrons get donated and received by atoms, results in Ions (charged ions)
ex: Cl = 17

40
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

when electrons are shared
ex: H2 = hyrdogen gas

41
Q

What is the valence number?

A

of electrons in the outermost energy shell

42
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

a measure of an atoms attraction to electrons
*This has the highest attraction in the upper right

43
Q

What are the two covalent?

A
  1. Non-polar
  2. Polar
44
Q

What are non-polar covalent molecules?

A

when electrons are being shared equally

45
Q

What are the polar covalent molecules?

A

when there is an unequal share of electrons

46
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

bond between two polar molecules where they are not being used equally/using an H
* each molecule can make up to 4 bonds
liquid: 1-3 h-bonds
solid: 4 h-bonds
gas: no bonds

47
Q

What are the temperature in h-bonds?

A

cohesion and surface tension

48
Q

What are the 2 alienations?

A
  1. cooling H2O
    *forming h-bonds
  2. heating H2O
    *breaking in h-bonds
49
Q

What is the density?

A

number of something in a given area
*liquid is more dense

50
Q

What is the solvent of life?

A

solvent: substance that dissolves/breaks down solution
solute: substance that breaks down in solvent
solution: solvent and solute

51
Q

What is pH?

A

potential of hydrogen
–> measure of hydrogen - ions in a solution

52
Q

What are acids?

A

donates h-ions in a solution
–> begins with H
ex: HCl

53
Q

What are bases?

A

donates HYDROXIDE ION (OH-)
–> ends in OH
ex: NaOh

54
Q

How does the scale work?

A

the scale has a 10x difference between whole numbers

55
Q

What does inverse entail?

A

when one acid or base goes up the other goes down
ex: Acid (up) [H+] (down) [OH-]

56
Q

What is a buffer?

A

substance that resists pH changes

57
Q

What must you have in chemical reactions?

A

must have same number and type of atoms on both sides

58
Q

What does organic mean?

A

it is carbon based
ex: CH4 = methane

59
Q

What are functional groups?

A

groups of atoms that are attracted to hydrocarbons
–> changes characteristics
- polar - hydrophilic

60
Q

What are the 5 functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate

61
Q

what is hydroxl responsible for?

A

for making alcohol

62
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

made of hydrogens and carbons ONLY
–> non-polar - hydrophobic

63
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids

64
Q

what is the importance of functional groups?

A

hydroxyl groups - estrogen
carbonyl - testosterone

65
Q

what are the macromolecules?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
    they are all polymers (substances made up of many individual units)
66
Q

what is a dehydration reaction?

A

process of joining monomers together
*REMOVES an H from 1 monomer
removes an OH from the 2nd monomer
resulting in covalent bond

67
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

hydro=water
lysis=break/split apart
–> use water to break covalent bonds
—> DIGESTION

68
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

sugar, starches

69
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

single ringed sugar

70
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 ringed sugars

71
Q

What is a polysaccharides?

A

“many” sugars joined together

72
Q

What is a starch?

A

storage polysaccharide in plants

73
Q

what is a glycogen?

A

storage polysaccharide in animals

74
Q

what is a cellulose?

A

structural polysaccharide in plants
–> insoluble: doesn’t dissolve in H2O

75
Q

What are lipids?

A

fats

76
Q

what are the 2 parts of lipids?

A

glycerol head and fatty acid tails

77
Q

what is saturated?

A

fatty acid tails hold max of Hs

78
Q

What is unsaturated?

A

fatty acid tails hold less than max of Hs

79
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

H’s are forced into unsaturated fats
health benefits of oils in solid form

80
Q

what are the other lipids?

A

phospholipids, waxes, steroids, cholesterol, sex hormones

81
Q

what are proteins?

A

most diverse, “workers” DNA - RNA - Proteins

82
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A

enzymes, immune, contractile, transport, structural

83
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

biological catalyst
–> increase rate of reactions
ex: catalase

84
Q

what is a special name?

A

peptide bond
–> proteins only = SAME
covalent bond between molecules

85
Q

What is the difference between polypeptide and protein?

A

polypeptides - many join together
protein - functional polypeptide

86
Q

What happens if a protein loses its shape?

A

it loses its function

87
Q

What is denaturation?

A

losing shape

88
Q

what is renaturation?

A

regains shape

89
Q

what are the three conditions for protein shape?

A

temp, pH, and salt

90
Q

what are the levels of protein structure?

A
  1. 1st level
  2. 2nd level
  3. 3rd level
  4. 4th level (quaternary)
91
Q

what is the first level?

A

amino acid sequence
NOT FUNCTIONAL

92
Q

what is the 2nd level?

A

helices: twists
b-sheets: folds
NOT FUNCTIONAL

93
Q

what is the third level?

A

3D shape
globular
FUNCTIONAL

94
Q

what is the 4th level?

A

2 or more subunits
ex: hemoglobin

DC Biology (4 decks)

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