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Histology (SW) > Test 1: Integument > Flashcards

Test 1: Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the integument?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, and skin appendages.

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2
Q

Describe the epidermis:

A

Epithelial covering of the skin (no intercellular space).
Protective barrier.
Avascular (relies on diffusion from dermal vasculature.
Minimally innervated.

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3
Q

Describe the dermis:

A

It’s the supportive connective tissue layer (strong ECM component).
Highly vascularized and innervated.
Most of the skin appendages are located here.

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4
Q

Describe the hypodermis:

A

Primarily adipose compartmentalized by other connective tissues (highly vascular).
Comparable to superficial fascia (most variable in thickness).

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5
Q

What are the skin appendages?

A

Hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

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6
Q

What kind of cells make up the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous orthokeratinized epithelium. (most superficial layer determines if it’s squamous or not).

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7
Q

What covers the epidermis superficially?

A

Sheets of keratin (remnants of dead cells).

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8
Q

What separates the epidermis from the dermis?

A

Basement membrane (part of the epidermis).

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9
Q

Describe the basement membrane of the epidermis:

A

Noncellular.
Difficult to see w/ light microscopy.
Provides adhesion interface for epithelial tissues.
Filtration barrier b/w compartments.

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10
Q

What is the principle cell type found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocyte.

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11
Q

What is a keratinocyte?

A

Differentiates to produce keratin and keratohylin granules.
Produces and secretes glycolipid (which creates water barrier).
Originates deep in the epidermis (takes 4 wks. to move to the surface).

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12
Q

What are the 5 morphological epidermal layers? (deepest to most superficial?

A 
Stratum basale. 
Stratum spinosum.
Stratum granulosum. 
Stratum lucidum.
Stratum corneum.
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13
Q

Describe the stratum basale:

A

Bottom layer.
Cuboidal to low columnar cells sitting on the basement membrane.
Contains mitotic cells that give rise to new keratinocytes.
Many desmosomes and hemidesmosomes present.

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14
Q

What joins cells to cells?

A

Desmosomes.

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15
Q

What joins cells to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes.

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16
Q

What is the primary cytoskeletal protein in epithelial cells?

A

Keratin.

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17
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum:

A

Spiny layer.
Variable in thickness.
Polyhedral shaped cells linked by spine-like processes (each contains desmosomes made apparent by shrinkage artifact).

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18
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum:

A

Granular layer.
A few cells thick; squamous shaped cells.
Contains distinct basophilic keratohylin granules (also contains large amounts of keratin filaments at this time).

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19
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum:

A

Clear layer.
Only seen in skin from palms and soles (glabrous skin).
Thin transparent layer only a few cell layers thick.
Cells here have died and lost their organelles (including the nucleus).

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20
Q

Describe the stratum corneum:

A

Horny layer.
Keratinized or cornified layer of dead keratinocytes.
Compact sheets of keratin fibers; variable thickness (eg. calluses).
Glycolipid released into the intercellular space forms the water barrier.

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21
Q

Which epidermal layers are dead?

A

Stratum lucidum and stratum corneum.

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22
Q

Which epidermal layers are living?

A

Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, and Stratum granulosum.

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23
Q

What are the 2 general kinds of skin?

A

Glabrous (thick skin).
Hairy (thin skin).
It’s based on the relative thickness of the epidermis only.

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24
Q

What kind of skin is hairless with a thick epidermis (substantial keratinized layer)?

A

Glabrous or thick skin.

Has a thin hypodermis

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25
Q

Where is glabrous or thick skin found?

A

Palms of hands and soles of feet.

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26
Q

Where is hairy or thin skin found?

A

The remainder of the body.

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27
Q

What kind of skin has hair follicles and a thin epidermis (thinner layer of keratin)?

A

Hairy or thin skin.

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28
Q

What kind of skin has a greater total thickness?

A

Hairy or thin skin.

29
Q

What chronic skin disorder is characterized by dark red circumscribed lesions with obvious superficial silvery white scales?

A

Psoriasis.

3

30
Q

What happens due to the accelerated keratinocyte turnover from psoriasis?

A

Mitosis occurs in the 3 deepest layers of the epidermis.
Overproduced keratinocytes reach the surface in less than 1 week.
Not enough time to allow adequate maturation of keratinocytes.
The stratum corneum fails to become a strongly cohesive layer.

(3)

31
Q

What is the pale-staining dendritic cell that is found interspersed in the stratum basale and is derived from the neuroectoderm?

A

Melanocytes.

3

32
Q

What kind of cells produce melanin?

A

Melanocytes.

3

33
Q

What is melanin phagocytosed by?

A

Keratinocytes.

3

34
Q

What is the difference b/w light skinned and dark skinned ppl?

A

Light skinned ppl store melanin in basal keratinocytes and have a faster rate of lysosomal degradation.
Dark skinned ppl store melanin in all layers of the epidermis and have a much slower rate of lysosomal degradation.

35
Q

What is the pail staining dendritic cell located in the three deepest layers of epidermis and is an antigen presentation cell involved in cell mediated immune responses in the skin?

A

Langerhans cells.

4

36
Q

What is a merkel cell?

A

Clear cell located in the stratum basal where it synapses with an afferent neuron.
Prevalent where sensory perception is acute (fingertips).
Functions as a mechanoreceptor for light touch.

37
Q

What is the dermis?

4

A

Supporting tissue on which the dermis sits.

Primarily made of dense irregular tissue containing the skin appendages.

38
Q

What does dense irregular connective tissue consist of and what are its properties?

(4)

A

Thick bundles of type I collagen running in multiple planes with elastic fibers intermixed. Ground substance fills the spaces b/w the CT fibers and cells. Fibroblasts and macrophages are commonly seen.
It’s usually well vascularized and well innervated (repairs itself well after injury).

39
Q

What functions to limit range and direction of movement in multiple directions?

(4)

A

Dense irregular CT.

40
Q

What are elastic fibers composed of?

4

A

Fibrillin and elastin proteins.

41
Q

What is ground substance primarily comprised of?

4

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s).
(Large unbranched polysaccharide chains of repeating disaccharides. Has a high negative charge due to sulfation and is hydrophilic. Facilitates fusion b/w cells and capillaries.)

42
Q

What are the functions of fibroblasts?

4

A

Produce all the matrix components in general connective tissue. Also maintains and repairs CT matrix.
(Spindle shaped, most commonly seen cell in dense irregular CT).

43
Q

What are the major functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

Large scavenger cells that are constantly cleaning stuff up

44
Q

What does the reticular dermis contain?

5

A

Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves of skin.

Deep to papillary layer

45
Q

How do blisters form?

5

A

Excessive sheering at the dermal/epidermal interface.

46
Q

What are Langer’s lines?

5

A

Parallel lines of tension in skin that results from organized bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.
(There is least scarring if incisions are made parallel to these lines).

47
Q

How is the epidermis nourished?

5

A

Diffusion from dermal papillary capillaries.

48
Q

What is an arteriovenous anastomoses?

5

A

Located b/w 2 plexuses.
Direct connection b/w arterial and venous vessels bypassing capillary beds.
Required for thermoregulation and may be gated by the ANS.

49
Q

How are mechanoreceptors stimulated?

6

A

Compression or tension.

50
Q

How are thermoreceptors stimulated?

6

A

Temperature.

51
Q

How are nociceptors stimulated?

6

A

Chemical irritants.

52
Q

What are encapsulated nerve endings surrounded by?

6

A

Modified schwann cells.

3 examples are meissner’s corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle, and ruffini corpuscle

53
Q

Describe meissner’s corpuscle:

6

A

Mechanoreceptor sensitive to light and touch.
Located in dermal papillae (especially on palms and fingertips).
Has flat schwann cells with a helical neuron.

54
Q

Describe pacinian corpuscle:

6

A

Mechanoreceptor sensitive to deep pressure.
Located at dermis/hypodermis interface.
Large w/concentric rings of schwann cells and a central neuron (looks like an onion).

55
Q

Describe a ruffini corpuscle:

6

A

Mechanoreceptor sensitive to tension.

Small spindle shaped receptor found interspersed among the collagen bundles.

56
Q

What is the tubular downgrowth of epidermis into dermis and hypodermis?

(6)

A

Hair follicle.

57
Q

What is the narrow band of smooth muscle associated with each hair?

(6)

A

Arrector pili.

runs obliquely to the follicle and causes the shaft to become erect

58
Q

What does acinar mean?

6

A

Cluster of cells.

59
Q

What is the simple acinar exocrine glangular outgrowths from the hair follicle?

(6)

A

Sebaceous gland.

fairly inactive prior to puberty; large and secretory following puberty

60
Q

What is the oily secretory product released by holocrine secretion?

(6)

A

Sebum.

involved with sebaceous glands.

61
Q

Describe an eccrine sweat gland:

6

A

Simple tubular exocrine glands.
Secretory region is coiled and located in the reticular dermis.
Excretory region passes through papillary dermis and epidermis to surface.
Secretes sweat for temperature regulation.

62
Q

Describe appocrine sweat glands:

6

A

Associated with hair follicles.
Secretion is initially odorless but bacterial action on the skin creates an odor.
Secretion may function as pheromone.

63
Q

Describe loose areolar CT:

7

A

Mostly thin, lacy type I collagen fibers (webbing in gross lab).
Mostly fibroblasts.
Functions in packing, binding, and anchoring in relatively small areas. (Often has a role in immune function - diffuse lymphatic tissue).

64
Q

What is the equivalent to superficial fascia?

7

A

Hypodermis.

Major component is adipose

65
Q

Describe adipocytes:

7

A

Mature adipocytes are nonmitotic.
Lipid droplet pushes nucleus and cytoplasm peripherally.
Held together by strands of type I collagen.
Function as long term energy reserve source and insulates against heat loss, fills crevices and cushions.

66
Q

What are the 2 types of adipose?

7

A 
Unilocular Adipose (white fat- yellow; all over the body).
Multilocular adipose (brown fat).
67
Q

Describe unilocular adipose:

7

A

Adult form of fat most commonly present.
Each cell contains a single large lipid droplet which pushes organelles peripherally.
Function in lipid storage as the body’s long term energy reserve, insulation, shock absorption, and body contouring.

68
Q

Describe multilocular adipose:

7

A

Most common in newborns (disappears in adults).
Typical kind of fat seen in hibernating animals.
Contains multiple small lipid droplets and many mitochondria.
Function in metabolizing fat to produce heat.

Histology (SW) (8 decks)

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