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Pathophysiology > Test 1- Units 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Test 1- Units 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

discomfort- disruption in homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the definition of Pathophysiology?

A

the study of the body’s response to dysfunction or disease

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3
Q

What is the definition of pathogenesis?

A

HOW the disease evolves/develops

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4
Q

What’s the definition of etiology?

A

the CAUSE of the disease

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5
Q

What is the definition of diagnoses?

A

a designation as to the nature of a health problem confirmed by MRI, x-ray, labs

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6
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

a steady state in the internal environment of the body, maintained by feedback and control mechanisms

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7
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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8
Q

What’s the definition of iatrogenic?

A

healthcare treatment induced

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9
Q

What’s the definition of Idiopathic?

A

not sure of the cause

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10
Q

What does subjective mean?

A

What the patient is stating, symptoms

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11
Q

What does objective mean?

A

clinical signs seen by you, diagnostic tests & procedures

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12
Q

What’s the meaning of symptom?

A

a subjective complaint

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13
Q

What’s the meaning of sign?

A

physical manifestation noted by an observer (strep throat example)

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14
Q

What does syndrome mean?

A

a complication

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15
Q

What’s a complication

A

adverse extension of disease or outcomes from treatment

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16
Q

what does sequelae mean?

A

a pathological condition resulting from a disease, a secondary result

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17
Q

what is a clinical course

A

how the disease progresses from the time is starts and when it’ll get it over with

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18
Q

what’s an acute course

A

1 to 2 days

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19
Q

what’s subacute course

A

up to a week

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20
Q

what’s a chronic course

A

more than a week

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21
Q

what’s a intermittent course

A

periods of normality of few minutes or hours

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22
Q

what’s a recurrent course

A

periods of normality of weeks to months

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23
Q

what’s prognosis

A

the probability for recovery

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24
Q

what cellular functions is not common to all cells?

A

conductivity, movement, reproduction

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25
Q

what is a plasma membrane

A

made up of lipids, every cell has a plasma membrane, protect cells, bi-layer phospholipid and is permeable to lipid-soluble

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26
Q

do all cells have a nucleus

A

all cells except prokaryotes, DNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS

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27
Q

what is a ribosome

A

fasten amino acids together to make a protein

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28
Q

what is endoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium is released to this to male calpain
all cells except prokaryotes have this, aids in making proteins to the Golgi body

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29
Q

what is golgi apparatus

A

ALLOWS EXPORT OF PROTEINS

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30
Q

what are lysosomes

A

(cindy crawford mole) small & round, contains digestive enzymes that digests food particles, viruses and bacteria

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31
Q

whats the mitochondria

A

the powerhouse of the cell, breaks down sugar (glycose) organelle that releases energy into the cell

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32
Q

what are the phases of cellular metabolism

A

phase 1: digestion, phase 2: glycolysis, phase 3: citric acid and oxidative phosphorylation
when cells breathe and eat to degenerate ATP (energy)

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33
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

splits sugars, is an Anaerobic process

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34
Q

what is the end product of anaerobic metabolism

A

end up with acid load = metabolic acidosis
CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT ANAEROBIC METABOLISM

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35
Q

what is the end product of cellular anaerobic

A

no oxygen?

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36
Q

what is the definition of active transport

A

REQUIRES ENERGY, WHERE SALT GOES WATER FOLLOWS moves small molecules across membrane, “pumps” from area of low concentration to area of high concentration

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37
Q

what is the definition of passive transport

A

DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY, moves small molecules across the membrane, consists of diffusion and osmosis

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38
Q

what is the definition of facilitated diffusion?

A

does not require energy, where non-lipid soluble molecules (glucose) require special transportation proteins to carry them across the cell

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39
Q

how do water particles move in and out of cells

A

osmosis

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40
Q

what is endocytosis

A

taking food in

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41
Q

what is exocytosis

A

taking food out

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42
Q

what is depolarization

A

rushing of sodium in, cell membrane becomes more positively charged

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43
Q

what is repolarization

A

potassium leaves the cell, the membrane becomes more negatively charged

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44
Q

all cells communicate with?

A

gap junctions, cell-to-cell contact, secretion of chemical mediators

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45
Q

what is mitosis

A

a cellular process that replicates chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division in somatic cells

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46
Q

what is meiosis

A

germ cells where chromosomes duplicate, produces daughter cells (gametes)

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47
Q

what are the primary modes of chemical signaling

A

hormonal, neurohormonal?

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48
Q

what are the different tissue types in cellular communication

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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49
Q

what is atrophy

A

decreased SIZE of cells, same number but shrunk (arm size after being in cast)

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50
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increased SIZE of cells (callas, muscles, pregnancy)

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51
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increased NUMBER of cells, cause- increased rate of cellular division

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52
Q

what is metaplasia

A

when one mature cell is replaced by different mature cell type

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53
Q

what is dysplasia

A

abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organizations of mature cells, PRE-CANCER

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54
Q

what is the number one cause of cell injury

A

hypoxia

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55
Q

what are the mechanisms of cell injury in hypoxia- what happens inside the cell?

A

causes ATP depletion = aerobic metabolism, and eventually swells up with water and dies. then lactic acid is produced and its damages cell membranes, intracellular structures and DNA

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56
Q

what are the adaptive changes in cells

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia

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57
Q

what is ischemia?

A

reduced blood supply, narrowed blood flow, most common cause of hypoxia

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58
Q

what is hypoxia

A

lack of sufficient oxygen in tissues, number one cause of cell injury

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59
Q

what is an antioxidant

A

remove free radicals from the body

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60
Q

what is necrosis

A

unregulated death of cell caused by injury. messy, violent, explosive, causes inflammation and swelling

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61
Q

what is apoptosis

A

program cell death, “cell suicide”, removes cells that are worn out

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62
Q

what does somatic death consist of

A

irreversible cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs (death of the entire body)

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63
Q

how are cancers named

A

oma = BENIGN TUMOR
car/sar = cancer
exceptions= leukemia, lymphoma, glioma

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64
Q

what is the suffix for cancer of organs

A
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65
Q

what is the suffix for cancer of connective tissue?

A
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66
Q

what’s the suffix for cancer of the nervous system

A
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67
Q

what is the suffix for cancer of blood forming organs?

A
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68
Q

define proto-oncogene

A

a gene involved in normal cell growth that may be become an oncogene

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69
Q

define oncogenes

A

a gene or genetic material that carries the ability to induce cancer

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70
Q

define proliferation

A

they do not wait for signals from the body that new tissue is needed, they ignore signals to stop dividing

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71
Q

define differentiation

A

the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells
CELLS THAT MATURE NORMALLY (benign)

72
Q

what are telomeres and how do they play a role in cancer development?

A

A telomere is located at the end of a chromosome where it protects it from destroying. The cell usually dies when the telomere is consumed but in cancer, this telomere is kept intact so it doesn’t shrink and die. (immortal)

73
Q

define angiogenesis

A

the ability to form new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels (allows a tumor to grow)

74
Q

what is the TNM tumor classification system?

A

T- tumor (where it is)
N- node (evidence of cancer cells)
M- metastasis (evidence that cancer has spread)

75
Q

what is the different between grading and staging a tumor?

A

grading- how the cell appears when you look at it under a microscope
staging- the evaluated spread or aggression (clinical findings)

76
Q

define metastasis, what is the most common route?

A

primarily cancer cells that can move around the body
most common route: to the lymphatic system or vascular system

77
Q

define cachexia

A

the loss of body fat and lean body mass with profound weakness (anorexia, anemia)

78
Q

define paraneoplastic syndrome

A

cancer cells produce hormones or hormone lick proteins
when cancer cells decides to work as different cell

79
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

bacterial cell, has a cell wall, have no nucleus, still have DNA and DNA functions

80
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

animal cells, don’t have a cell wall, enclosed by the plasma membrane

81
Q

what are the mechanisms of disease

A

GUESSIN? genetic, u are born with it (congenital), environmental, signal failure, stress, I4 (injury, infection, inflammation, immunization), neoplasia, ? (idiopathic)

82
Q

what is the process of DNA-directed protein synthesis

A
83
Q

define transcription

A

when the protein never leaves the nucleus, but sends out copies of mRNA which is released from nucleus into cytoplasm

84
Q

define translation

A

carries amino acid, lines up matching its anticodon to mRNA’s codon

85
Q

define codons

A

sets of three bases that specify an amino acid or signal the end of the protein

86
Q

differentiate meiosis and mitosis

A

mitosis results in two daughter cells that are identical, meiosis results in four daughter cells (gametes) with only one copy of each chromosome

87
Q

define homozygous

A

when two genes are dominant, the same (BB or bb)

88
Q

define heterozygous

A

when only one gene is dominant, one recessive (Bb or bB)

89
Q

prognosis

A

the probability for recovery

90
Q

define compensatory cells

A

end up seeing certain organs to enlarge to meet increased demands (not a good thing)

91
Q

define hormonal cells

A

bigger and increased cells in pregnancy

92
Q

define pathologic cells

A

growing too many cells, can end up with cancer

93
Q

what is metaplasia

A

when one mature cell is replaced by different mature cells

94
Q

what is neoplasia

A

new growth of cells (commonly called a tumor, will not die until it kills the host)

95
Q

what is caseous necrosis

A

scar tissue filled with dead bacteria and dead white blood cells, cottage cheese, result of bacterial infection when white blood cells try to eat the bacteria and end up dying

96
Q

what is gangrene

A

result of cell death

97
Q

define dry gangrene

A

lack of blood supply, but venous fluid getting out which makes the cell dry
ex: toe falling off of a diabetic

98
Q

define wet gangrene

A

tissue liquefies and infection is likely, lack of venous flow

99
Q

what is gas gangrene

A

clostridium infection produces toxins and H2S bubbles (crepitus)

100
Q

what is a neoplasm

A

uncontrolled cell division, tumor
abnormal mass of tissue, once its there it’ll keep growing and doesn’t listen to signals to stop

101
Q

define cancer

A

RESULT OF DNA INJURY
disorder of altered cell and differential growth, malignant neoplasm
#2 most common death

102
Q

define oncology

A

the study of cancer

103
Q

are benign neoplasms well or poorly differentiated

A

well differentiated

104
Q

are malignant neoplasms well or poorly differentiated

A

poorly differentiated

105
Q

define metastases

A

occurs by the way of the lymph channels and blood vessels

106
Q

what is DNA

A

contains hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms (A,T,G,C)
function- coding for proteins, DNA replication
found in nucleus

107
Q

what is a gene

A

segment of DNA that contains instructions for making specific protein

108
Q

what is the role of ribosomal RNA

A

fasten amino acids together to make a protein

109
Q

what are genetics

A

investigation of the roles and functions of single genes

110
Q

what is genomics

A

the study of genomes of organisms, the big picture

111
Q

what are chromosomes

A

6 ft of DNA broken up into 23 pairs that makes a specific protein

112
Q

what does a genome consist of

A

22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes
46 chromosomes altogether

113
Q

what is an allele

A

everyone inherits once copy of each gene from each parent for a total of 2
homo- two dominant
hetero- one dominant, one recessive

114
Q

are dominant alleles expressed or not

A

they are expressed

115
Q

are recessive alleles expressed or not

A

they are not expressed unless both alleles are recessive like blue eyes (bb)

116
Q

define codominant

A

when two different alleles are both dominant
ex- type AB blood

117
Q

what is a genotype

A

the total set of genes carried by an organism (genetic material)

118
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the observable expression of characters and traits coded for those by genes (physical characteristics from environment, lifestyle, nutrition, toxic exposures)

119
Q

what is the induction of a gene mean

A

something turns the gene on

120
Q

what is the repression of a gene

A

something turns the gene off

121
Q

what is a karotype

A

number of appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryote cells

122
Q

what is mutation

A

permanent change in the sequence in DNA (endogenous and exogenous)

123
Q

what’s an SNP

A

copying error, change in recipe from mRNA, may not result in harm

124
Q

what are the different genetic mutations

A

single-gene, chromosomal, multifactorial, mitochondrial

125
Q

what is a autosomal dominant disorder

A

both male and females are affected
50% chance of producing an affected offspring
Disorder- Huntington’s Disease

126
Q

what is a autosomal recessive genetic disorder

A

when both parents have (Aa)
punnet square consists of: AA, Aa, Aa, aa)
25% risk to pass to offspring when both parents are carriers
Disorders- sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, tay sachs disease

127
Q

what’s an x-linked dominant genetic disorder

A

very rare, mostly in males (x), multiple miscarriages could be present
no carrier status, all individuals with the gene are affected
ALL female children affected by dad will be affected (100% risk)
disorder- fragile x syndrome

128
Q

what is an x-linked recessive genetic disorder

A

more common, mother carries
affected male will pass carrier status to ALL daughters
inheritance- 50% risk!!
Disorders- Hemophilia A, color blindness

129
Q

what is a y-linked inheritance genetic disorder

A

ONLY males
passed from father to son
ALL y-linked traits are expressed (hairy ears)

130
Q

what is mitochondrial inheritance

A

inherited from mother to children
only females can carry this
100% of offspring affected
cause of alzheimers?

131
Q

what is point mutation

A

simple change in one base change of gene sequence
one little ingredient in DNA recipe that is off
could be autosomal or sex-linked

132
Q

what is sickle cell disease

A

type of point mutation!!!!!!!!! missense
believed to be tracked from human evolution
cells only live 10 to 20 days
plugging of RBCs, enlarged spleen due to RBC overload
symptoms- fatigue, anemia, dactylitis (swelling of hands/feet), infections
Pain crises- oxygen, IV fluids because hydrated, pain medication

133
Q

how many days do normal RBCs live

A

120 days

134
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive ; nonsense mutation
abnormal mucus that is excessively thick and sticky
leads to blockages within airways, highly prone to infection, affect all organs
symptoms- salty sweaty, excessive colds, bad diarrhea, gassiness, can’t absorb fat

135
Q

what is frameshift mutation

A

point mutation
Tay Sach’s Disease- autosomal recessive pattern
abnormal function of the lysosomes
symptoms- neurological, exaggerated startle response, decreased muscle tone, loss of previous acquired skills
death between 2 and 4 years old
takes carrier mom and dad

136
Q

what is insertion-deletion mutation

A

cri du chat
profound retardation, cry sounds like a meow
extra base pairs may be added or deleted from the DNA of a gene
NOT inherited - error of chromosome

137
Q

what is a trinucleotide repeat mutation

A

repeat expansions mutation- point mutation
50% will inherit
Ex- Huntington’s disease, Fragile X Syndrome

138
Q

Huntington’s disease is

A

autosomal dominant pattern - repeat mutation
where you lose brain tissue
signs- jerking movement, death around 45

139
Q

what is a chromosomal mutation

A

any change in chromosomes
-structural anomalies (translocation)
-numerical anomalies (less or extra)
-non-dysjunction

140
Q

what is Trisomy 21- Down Syndrome

A

one extra chromosome on pair 21
NOT inherited
thick tongues, cannot communicate very well, almond shaped eyes, palmar hands

141
Q

when pregnant over the age of 35 you are more at risk for

A

downs syndrome

142
Q

what is trisomy 18 - edward syndrome

A

child will only live up to a year
results in mental redartion

143
Q

what is trisomy 13 - patau syndrome

A

autosomal syndrome
close set eyes, facial cleft, polydactyly, heart defects, can live up to 3 days
not survivable, live up to 3 days

144
Q

what is Klinefelter syndrome

A

extra chromosome x in male (XXY)
cannot pass onto children
breast development, small testes, hourglass shape, low IQ

145
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

only one x chromosome in a female (XO)
short, produce little estrogen, secondary sex characteristics, extra skin on neck
sterile (cannot pass onto children)

146
Q

define mosaic

A

SOME NORMAL AND SOME ABNORMAL CELLS

147
Q

what are polygenic mutations

A

a mutation in more than one gene

148
Q

where salt goes…

A

water follows

149
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

letting liquids into the cells

150
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

it swallows those particles that are being let in

151
Q

cell survival consists of

A

oxygen, nutrients, waste elimination, F & E balance

152
Q

define aneuploidy

A

abnormal number of chromosomes

153
Q

what are the cellular functions

A

respiration, metabolic absorption, excretion, secretion, communication, conductivity, movement, and reproduction

154
Q

which cellular adaption is precancerous

A

dysplasia

155
Q

define hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

156
Q

define hepatomegaly

A

enlarged liver

157
Q

what is the #2 most common cause of death in america

A

cancer

158
Q

define liequefaction

A

dead cells liquify in presence of certain enzymes

159
Q

define coagulative

A

cell proteins are denatured but still maintain shape

160
Q

define infarction

A

area of dead cells resulting from a lack of oxygen (heart attack)

161
Q

what does -plasia mean

A

shape

162
Q

how does hypoxia cause cell damage

A

diminishes ATP production

163
Q

what happens to cells when they are damaged

A

they try to adapt

164
Q

t or f: potassium and sodium do NOT like to be together

A

true

165
Q

what are chromosome mutations

A

translocations, inversions, deletions, duplications & non-disjuncture

166
Q

which type of RNA moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm carrying genetic code

A

Messenger RNA

167
Q

single-gene inheritance

A

25% risk

168
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

only inherited from mother
only mother can pass onto children
only females are affected

169
Q

what are polygenic/mutifactoral mutation complex diseases

A

they result in cleft palates, heart defects, and neural tube defects

170
Q

what’s hemophilia A

A

x linked recessive
females are carriers - x abnormal chromosome
only men have symptoms- bruising, mucosal teeth bleeding, deep tissue

171
Q

what is fragile x syndrome

A

repeat mutation
on X chromosome
only boys have symptoms- 50% risk of inheritance
symptoms- low IQ odd physical characteristicsq\

172
Q

what are the base pair subsitutions

A

silent, missence, and nonsense

173
Q

silent

A

we have no idea that it goes on and doesn’t cause any harm
code for the same amino acid

174
Q

missence mutations

A

code for different amino acids

175
Q

nonsense mutation

A

code for a stop

176
Q

base pair insertions or deletions are

A

when one or more bases are inserted, deleted, or repeated

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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