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comparative government > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Horizontal accountability

A

State institutions holding each other accountable (checks and balances)

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2
Q

Vertical accountability

A

individuals and groups in society holding state institutions accountable

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3
Q

Coalition government

A

at least 2 parties negotiate agreement to rule together, can be more difficult to make laws/rule. Vote of no confidence (remove prime minister)

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4
Q

Code law

A

follow law as written, little interpretation

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5
Q

cohabitation

A

president and pm from different parties

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6
Q

common law

A

judges make decisions based on their understanding of the law and adhere to past case precedents

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7
Q

consensus democracy

A

multiparty executives in coalition government, rigid constitutions not easily amended

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8
Q

majoritarian democracy

A

concentrate power in single place and ffice, single-party rules and dominates

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9
Q

devolution

A

partial decentralization of power from central government to subunits (states), subunits power being dependent on central government

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10
Q

Federal systems

A

central gov shares constitutional sovereignty and power with subunits (states)

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11
Q

symmetrical federal system

A

states have same relationship with and rights in relation to national government

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12
Q

asymmetrical federal system

A

some different states have different relationships with and rights in relation to national government

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13
Q

head of government

A

executive power in a state - president/prime minister

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14
Q

head of state

A

representative of a country authorized to speak on behalf and represent - monarch/president

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15
Q

institutionalization

A

degree which gov processes and procedures are established, predictable, and routinized. legitimacy is necessary. judiciary is as strong as institution

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16
Q

judicial independence

A

judges can decide cases as they see fit without outside influence. protects from corruption, bribes

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17
Q

judicial review

A

decides if law is abiding to constitution, gives court veto power. Decentralized (everyday cases and can decide constitutional issues at any leveL) and concrete (only someone who has been negatively affected by law can initiate case)

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18
Q

legislative oversight

A

occurs when members of legislature oversee the bureaucracy

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19
Q

parliamentarism

A

combines executive and leg branch, PM, member of parliament (elected to parliament), vote of no confidence to remove PM, cabinet is appointed by PM but MP involved

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20
Q

Presidentialism

A

Head of state and government are one

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21
Q

Coalition presidentialism

A

form coalitions within legislature to pass legislation when many parties present, close to PM than president

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22
Q

Semipresidentialism

A

splits power between president and PM. president elected by people, PM is coalition/majority party leader in parliament. Cohabitation possible. Important to have clear duties

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23
Q

political appointees

A

officials who serve at pleasure of exec and assigned to oversee parts of bureaucracy

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24
Q

principal-agent problem

A

a principal hires an agent to perform a task but agent’s self-interest does not necessarily align with the principal’s so the agent may not carry out the task as assigned.

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25
Q

Prime minister

A

head of gov, can be voted out by MP, PM can dissolve parliament and call for new elections

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26
Q

member of parliament

A

elected member of leg in parliament

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27
Q

new public management (NPM)

A

argues to privatize government services to create competition among agencies to stimulate market, focus on consumer satisfaction, flatten administrative hierarchies

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28
Q

rent-seeking

A

act of growing one’s existing wealth without creating new wealth, harms rest of society

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29
Q

unitary systems

A

central gov has sole constitutional sovereignty and power

30
Q

vote of no confidence

A

vote by parliament to remove gov from power (PM and cabinet). common in coalition gov

31
Q

closed-list proportional representation

A

ranked PR for voting party (top candidates appointed). If party wins 10 seats in leg, top 10 candidates within party are appointed.

32
Q

open-list proportional representation

A

individual candidates run, top candidates win

33
Q

collective action problem

A

people don’t believe choices make a difference, nothing changes, elites gain control over time (voting)

34
Q

dominant party system

A

one party popular enough to win every election despite other parties being present

35
Q

duverger’s law

A

single member district systems eliminate small parties for 2 party systems, eventually leads to 2-party

36
Q

electoral systems

A

formal legal mechanisms that translates votes into control over politics

37
Q

electoral systems

A

formal legal mechanisms that translates votes into control over politics

38
Q

first-past-the-post (FPTP)

A

single member district system where candidate with plurality of votes win

39
Q

interest-group pluralism

A

system where many groups exist to represent particular interests and gov is neutral among them.

40
Q

mixed or semiproportional systems

A

combines single-member district representation with overall proportionality in allocation of legislative seats to party. Individual candidates not elected but appointed within party. mixed SMD and PR seats

41
Q

multiparty systems

A

more than 2 parties can realistically win election (can be 2 dominant parties that form coalitions with smaller parties)

42
Q

neocorporatism/societal corporatism

A

corporatism that evolves on own rather than being mandated by state (fascism). strong peak association represent major interest in society by bringing together local groups, government working closely with them (not fascism)

43
Q

patronage-based mobilization

A

exchange of material benefits for political support (dark money), common in economically weak societies

44
Q

peak associations

A

organizations that bring together interest groups in a particular sector to influence and negotiate agreements with state

45
Q

plurality

A

receives most votes but not necessarily a majority

46
Q

populist mobilization

A

us vs them rhetoric. personalist leader appealing to voters directly, usually threatening existing institutions, parties, elites

47
Q

programmatic mobilization

A

appealing to citizens on bases of ideas, usually economic or cultural, less loyalty to party thus lessens unity

48
Q

proportional representation

A

seats appointed in leg on proportional basis so party representation is equal to share of vote. parties that get certain % are guaranteed seats, common in coalition gov.

49
Q

single-member district

A

each geographic district elects single rep (pro: guaranteed representation for districts. con: votes wasted since not representative of majority, suppresses minority voices

50
Q

social capital

A

social networks and norms of reciprocity that are important for strong civil society

51
Q

state corporatism

A

controls peak associations, common in fascist regimes

52
Q

virtual representation

A

voters’ views are represented indirectly in leg by candidates in their chosen party who were elected in other districts (not yours)

53
Q

contentious politics

A

political activity beyond institutional bounds, involving protests, petitions, revolution. not necessarily threatening to regime but can threaten policies, laws, etc.

54
Q

civil war

A

2 or more armed groups fighting for control of state. horizontal (across elites) or vertical (elites and community) ties for support. integrated (hor and vert) work best. ethnicity can be powerful tie.

55
Q

political opportunity structure

A

how open a regime is to influence from social movements. Movementization is when parties are easily influences, more likely to champion social movement demands

56
Q

political revolution

A

fundamental transformation of an existing regime, carried out by social movement or armed group

57
Q

political violence

A

use of force by nonstate actors for political ends (NOT war, not done by government). hard to get social support, often result of repression by regime (authoritarianism)

58
Q

relative deprivation

A

belief that someone/group is not getting what they deserve, others are getting more/taking it from them

59
Q

security dilemma

A

two groups feel they are vulnerable, not protected by state, fear of being attack leads to attack

60
Q

social movements

A

part of civil society, organized group seeking major socioeconomic or political changes, often from left representing marginalized groups

61
Q

social revolution

A

fundamental transformation of regime AND social structure, can be violent

62
Q

terrorism

A

political violence deliberately targeting civilians or noncombatants in order to influence behavior and actions of targeted people and governments, goal is fear. groups often motivated by historical humiliation, fear.

63
Q

totalitarianism

A

everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. state controls all aspects of society and eliminates all vestiges of civil society

64
Q

authoritarianism

A

has supreme leader, strong central power to preserve political status quo, enforcement of strict obedience to authority at expense of personal freedom

65
Q

military regime

A

military officers control power

66
Q

one-party regime

A

single party gains power, systematically eliminates all opposition. usually after independence from colonialism

67
Q

theocratic regime

A

divine authority, ruled by religious authorities (islamic republic)

68
Q

personalist regime

A

central leader dominates state, eliminates opposition, weakens state institutions, veil of bureaucracy

69
Q

semi-authoritarian/electoral authoratarianism

A

combines democratic and authoritarian elements, electoral-authoritarian. monitored dissent, ruling party remains in power, flawed elections

70
Q

absolute monarchy/absolutism

A

single monarch claiming total control. 3 elements for external sovereignty - centralized bureaucracy, systematic taxation, policies encourage economic development

71
Q

dictator’s dilemma

A

dictator fears that they are constantly being threatened, employ too many efforts to counteract. unsure of how much support dictator has because of ruler’s repression that creates fear

72
Q

supreme leader

A

executive power with few limits, supported by group of elites, rely on military to maintain control, questionable line of succession

comparative government (1 decks)

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