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History > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Warring States Era

A

Futile Era china split with waxing and waning power, population doubled.

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2
Q

Mengzi

A

From Confucius, people are good, education key, no strong govt.

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3
Q

Xunxi

A

People are bad, the state should enforce morality on people by strict laws.

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4
Q

Lao Tzu

A

founded Daoism, was a bureaucrat, gave it up to unite with Dao in the woods.

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5
Q

Lord Shang

A

adviser in state of Quin, favored Legalism and Meritocracy. Was killed because of beliefs

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6
Q

Hun Feizi

A

Promoted ideas of Lord Shang in state of Quin

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7
Q

Shi Hugandi

A

1st emperor of Quin, subdued warring states and united China, Brutal and hated Confucianism. Said empire would last 10000 years, immortality and great tomb with terra cotta soldiers

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8
Q

Han Wu Di

A

most notorious leader of Han Dynasty, encourage Confucianism and defeated Xiong nu nomads (INVADERS). Common sense and created a merit advancement civil service leading to testing to enter.

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9
Q

Psan Zhou

A

1st great female historian had an education

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10
Q

Sima Quan

A

greatest Historian of China wrote 30 vol. set on China, model for 2000 years, used primary sources, fixed date. Very devoted.

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11
Q

Sui

A

Reunified China after fall of Han and 400 years of Warring States, reestablished Confucian, encouraged Buddhism, built great canal (N&S China), ruthless and fell.

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12
Q

Konguryo Korea

A

Most powerful Korean kingdom, stopped 7 Chinese invasions, led to fall of Sui, one of largest states in Eurasia

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13
Q

Yayoi Japan

A

Korean immigrants that mixed with Japs. No central gov’t but castes ruled by priest chieftain. Elaborate tombs

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14
Q

Yamato Japan

A

1st Jap National state, Ruled from Honshu to Kyoto-Osaka. Imperial family still rules today (descended from Amaterasu, sun goddess)

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15
Q

Shinto

A

Aniamistic religion of Japan, closeness to nature, way of the gods, mythology

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16
Q

Jap/China/Korea

A

Jap only really associated with Korea and China. Universal appeal of art, Confucian ideas really shaped Korea and an adoption of Buddhism, written language. Prince Shotuku built Buddhist temples in Japan.

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17
Q

Socrates

A

An unexamined life is not worth living.

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18
Q

Herodutus

A

Greek scholar,, Father of Western Historiography, wrote multi volume History, about greco-persian wars and past/distant lands (some farfetched stories)

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19
Q

Shan

A

Monarch of Iran (Persia), checkmate

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20
Q

Satrap

A

provincial governor of Persia

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21
Q

Satrapy

A

province governed by Satrap

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22
Q

Iran

A

Comes from Aryan, Persia n in Iran

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23
Q

Fars

A

Original name of Persi, changed to land of Parsi-s. Farsi is the language still of Iran

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24
Q

Achaemendid Dynasty

A

Rules from Indus Valley to Libya. Over 80 ethnic groups w/ own gods/language/religion. Effective bureaucracy, standard tax, 1st minted coins, postal service, roads, accountable rulers.

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25
Q

Cyrus the Great

A

Shah of Achamendid, tolerant and great king. Liberated Jews- book of Ezra. Father of Persians, brought middle east under control

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26
Q

Cyrus Cylander

A

cuneiform, 1 of oldest law codes, had human rights!

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27
Q

Cambyses II

A

conquered Egypt, became a pharaoh. Wanted Africa but Sahara stopped him, Greece hated him.

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28
Q

Darius I

A

distant cousin of Cambyses, conquered Civil War in Persia and the Indus River Valley. Subdued Greeks in Black Se, blocking trade with Russia, subdued Anatolia but never the mainland of Greece. Great admin, standardized weights/coins/canal and supported all religions.

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29
Q

Xerxes I

A

Son of Darius, governor of Iraq (Babylon) and b/c Shah at 35, stopped Egypt/Babylon rebellion. Religiously intolerant, destroyed Babylon Marduk because he was a monotheist. Prepared for years for a second attack on Greece, which he won and pillaged Athens. However his Navy was destroyed and he had to leave, occupied Greece for 13 years. Assassinated.

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30
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

Persian monotheist religion. Named after prophet Zoroaster, god was Ahura Mazda, similar to Aryans (Asia/Middle East). had struggle between good and devil Ariman. Their scripture Gathas (hymns) in the Avesta. Very high morals and after life of heaven/hell.

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31
Q

Spartans

A

simple life, all of Greece spoke Greek but not unified like Persia. Sparta was a city state that depended on warring and agriculture. Auristocratic soldiers ruled slaves and helloffs (surfs). Had dual kingship, elected by Council of Elders (28 men over 60 who passes laws). Women were in charge of homes since men lived in barracks.

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32
Q

Athenians

A

great thinkers, invented Democracy. Council of 500 (served 1 year and represented the people), and assembly of 40000 citizens.

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33
Q

Solon

A

father of Democracy. B/c Athens was on a brink of a civil war between rich and poor, he: 1. abolished debts/slavery 2. Created Councik of 500 based on econ classes 3. Rid of draconian laws (excessively harsh

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34
Q

Pericles

A

Builder of classical Athens, built a great Navy, land wall and Colosseum.Popular and populous leader who told the people what they wanted to hear. Used Delian League fund (Persian war fund) on Athens alone. Anti immigrant laws against other Greeks.

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35
Q

Peloponisian War

A

War by Pericles which ruined classical Greek. Spartans vs. Athenians. Sparta won.

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36
Q

South Asia

A

India, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh

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37
Q

Indus River Valley

A

Northern India, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pan Jab= five waters area. Harappan society (Mohenjo Daro) or Dravidians. Still live in South India and Stralonka today, have a uninterpreted language and were ran out by Aryans.

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38
Q

Vedic Religion

A

Vedas= 4 book of hyms and prayers, oldest part and most sacred is 1017 song Rig Veda.

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39
Q

Upanishads

A

Commentary on the Vedas in dialogue form . Relationship of samsra, karma, dharma, and mosksha.

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40
Q

Sanskrit

A

Vedas written in this, Indo-Aryan language. Told orally for 900 years

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41
Q

Indra

A

Aryan war and and rain god, main god for a whil but now minor god.

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42
Q

Aryan Caste

A
  1. Brahmans
  2. Kshatriyas (princes/warriors)
  3. Vaishyas (merchants)
  4. Sudras (landless)
  5. Dailits/pariahs/untouchables
43
Q

Hinduism

A

Polythiestic. Trinity of: Brahma (Universal soul/abstract), Vishnu (personal god of Life), and Shiva (personal god of destruction). Originated in IndoAryan Synthesis. Main text is Mahabarata and in it the Bhagavad Gita (a dialogue between warrior Argina and charioteer who is god Krishna.

44
Q

Dharma

A

Obedience to laws (Hindu principle)

45
Q

Artha

A

pursuit of prosperity (Hindu principle)

46
Q

Kama

A

enjoying pleasure (Hindu principle)

47
Q

Moksha

A

salvation release from incarnation cycle (Hindu principle)

48
Q

Eras of Hindu

A
  1. Classical (1000-600) power in Brahmans.
  2. Upanishads focus on more personal unity with Brahma through moksha
  3. Vedanta stressed underlying unity of all hindu gods in an absolute reality
49
Q

Mahavira

A

Founder of Jainism, born a kshatriya abandoned to wander naked in wild, self denial and torture, died of starvation.

50
Q

Ahimsa and Jainism

A

everything has a soul, ahimsa is non violence to all things. Appealed to people b/c every individual participated equally with no castes

51
Q

Sidhartha Gautama

A

Founder of Buddhism, was born a prince kshatriya and never saw death or sickness. When he finally did sparked his spirit on a journey. Became enlightened in 40’s and became the Buddha

52
Q

Sidhartha’s 1st Sermon: 4 noble truths and Noble 8 fold path

A
  1. Life is suffering
  2. Suffering comes from desire
  3. End desire, end suffering
  4. End desire by following 8 fold path 9 an ethic code not always met
53
Q

Nirvana

A

Eternal piece, reaching enlightenment

54
Q

Monastic Religions

A

People living and going to a monastery, a place of true devotion. Buddhism is first

55
Q

Mauryan Empire

A

1st centralized state in India (322-185), late in world history. Emerged out of relations with Persians and Alex of Greece. Collapsed after Ashoka died , locals did not put admin ideas in action and states triumphed over federal government. People remained loyal to caste system.

56
Q

Chandra Gupta Maurya

A

1st King of Mauryan Empire. Claimed North India. Was a nomad sold as a slave to Kautilya. He was his mentor and partner in ruling.

57
Q

Kautilya

A

wrote Artha Shastra emphasizing economy, tax, security force, ruthlessness, spies, armies, and good administration, however Kautilya and Chandra never had a tight empire.

58
Q

Ashoka Maurya

A

Expanded Mauryan Empire by bloody wars. Converted from Hindu to Buddhism to encourage pessimism in empire. Practiced non violence/religious tolerance/and vegetarian. He built pillars throughout his kingdom with his loving word on them.

59
Q

Kushans

A

Led to Mauryan downfall, took over Northern India, Spread Buddhism to China over trade routes

60
Q

Greek Religion

A

1 Greek gods and goddesses represented natural and human activities: Zeus (leadership), his wife Hera (marriage and family), Poseidon (sea), Apollo (sun, music, and philosophy), Dionysus (wine), and Aphrodite (sex and love).
2 Humans maintained an uneasy relationship with the immortal gods, performing sacrifices to appease their wrath and guarantee harmony

61
Q

Sophists (pre Axial thinkers)

A

The Sophists emphasized skepticism and relativism, arguing there is no ultimate truth.

62
Q

Axial Age Philosophy and Thinkers

A

Outpouring of philosophical and religious genius in Eurasia, laid the ground work for beliefs of classical societies.

63
Q

Socrates

A

used “Socratic Method” of questioning to challenge the relativism of the Sophists, belief in absolute truths. Nature of truth. Socrates heroically chose to show his loyalty to Athens and to his ideals by accepting his fellow citizens’ death sentence for asking so many questions and “corrupting the youth.”

64
Q

Plato

A

student of Socrates, founded the Academy in Athens, wrote the elitist Republic that advocated rule by a special class of “Guardians” who used reason to rule a just society, later retreated from views and took on strong laws. Most of what is not about Socrates comes from Plato, he continued his study of the nature of truth.

65
Q

Aristotle

A

Student of Plato, founded a school, chose exile over death, and studied the natural world extensively, while also writing authoritatively in the social sciences and humanities. His ideas seen most similar to ours today, emphasized how human nature and physical nature worked. First to classify animals in zoocology and examine metaphysics, the study of the most general concepts that underly the world

66
Q

Greek Art

A

The wealth, dynamism, and freedom of Athens made possible great dramatic and literary achievements.Dramas is most enduring, presented in ampitheatres. The tragedies of Aeschylus examined issues of justice, those of Sophocles explored human and emotional issues, and the comedies of Aristophanes ridiculed Athenian leadership. Euripides Medea. Lyric poets were individualistic, Sappho from Lesbos, who wrote love poems to her students, inspired by Aphrodite

67
Q

Greek Society

A

Greek society was patriarchal. Greek social classes, from top to bottom, included citizens (wealthy landowners), free men (small farmers, artisans, shopkeepers), resident foreigners (merchants, bankers, artisans), free women, and slaves. Greek families were limited to the nuclear family pattern of a husband, wife, and children.
Women suffered strong misogynist prejudice (hatred of women).Greek society was very open about homosexuality, and they considered the perfect relationship to be that between two men of different generations.

68
Q

Alexander the Great

A

1 Alexander “the Great” of Macedonia created the largest empire yet seen, revitalized Greek society, and spread widely Hellenism, a combination of Persian and Greek cultures.In brilliant but ruthless thirteen years of campaigning, Alexander conquered Egypt, the Persian Empire, and marched into (Afghanistan) India before his troops refused to go further. Alexander adopted the ruling traditions of the lands he conquered, taking the position of the Persian emperor Darius III and an Egyptian pharaoh and marrying a Bactrian princess from eastern Persia, as well as encouraging his soldiers to marry Asian wives.
When Alexander died of a fever in Babylon at age 33, his empire fragmented into areas ruled by his generals: Ptolemy (Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean), Seleucus (Persia, Mesophotamia, and Syria), and Antigonus (Macedonia and Greece).

69
Q

Hellenism

A

Hellenistic (mix of Persian/Greek) culture differed from that of classical Greece by placing more emphasis on the emotions, rather than individual freedom and reason. Not independent city states but parts of a kingdom, ran by soldiers and bureaucrats. A small group of wealthy aristocrats enjoyed an urban culture that glorified hedonism, lovemaking, drinking, and horse racing, though not necessarily in that order.Hellenistic cities were cosmopolitan and ethnically divers
Hellenistic thinkers continued the classical Greek interest in scientific questions. Especially in Alexandria, largest library in the ancient world.
Euclid worked on plane geometry, Herophilus studied the brain, Aristarchus proposed a heliocentric approach to astronomy, Eratosthemes calculated the circumference of the earth within 200 miles, and Hero built a steam turbine.
Hellenistic traditions carried on in Persia through the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanian periods.

70
Q

Hellenistic Philosophy Cynicism

A

Cynicism, made famous by Diogenes emphasized living simply and shunning material things and maintaining true to fundamental values.

71
Q

Hellenistic Philosophy Stoicism

A

In Athens, Zeno founded Stoicism, a cosmopolitan philosophy that emphasized accepting nature and the unity and equality of all people.

72
Q

Hellenistic mystery religions

A

Hellenistic mystery religions, such as those focused on the Egyptian goddess Isis or the Persian sun god Mithra, offered their followers an egalitarian vision of salvation through individual happiness.

73
Q

South India and Sri Lanka

A

Dravidian-speaking Tamils in south India developed a vigorous cultural tradition distinct from that of the Ganges Basin. However Aryan culture did migrate to the south of India, rituals values and caste system. The mountain city of Madurai became the heart of the Tamil-speaking peoples and an important cultural and religious center. Poetry was their most esteemed art.
An Aryan prince established first Sri Lanka kingdom.The Sinhalese people developed intricate irrigation systems (the best) to grow rice on the island of Sri Lanka, one of most skilled societies in water control. The first foreign land to accept Buddhism.
Sinhalese and Tamils co-existed in Sri Lanka.

Merchants from as far away as the Mediterranean visited India to trade metals and wine for spices, cloth, silks, ivory, and art.
Buddhist monasticism expanded into western Asia, possibly influencing the evolution of Christian monasticism.

74
Q

Threvada Buddhism

A

Theravada (Teachings of the Elders) was closer to Buddha’s original vision and required self-motivated observance of strict monastic rules (Ashoka promoted), including meditation and pursuing good works. Buddha was not a god but a human teacher, universe had no supreme being.

75
Q

Mahayana Buddhism

A

Mahayana (the Greater Vehicle) was a more popularized and less demanding form of Buddhism that eventually spread throughout Central and East Asia.

a) Devotional attachment to Buddha as a loving deity (god) brought comfort.
b) A pantheon of loving saints called bodhisattvas (one who has the essence of Buddhahood) postponed their own attainment of nirvana to help others on the way to salvation through enlightenment.
c) In China, Mahayana Buddhists converted nirvana into an appealing heaven while the wicked were thrown into hellfire.
d) Mahayana’s idea of a saint helping to achieve salvation may have influenced the Jewish and Christian idea of a messiah, or perhaps all owed the origin of this concept to Zoroastrianism.

76
Q

Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity in South Asia

A

Buddhism was gradually absorbed into Hinduism in India, dying out in its land of birth, although it flourished abroad, especially in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, China, and elsewhere in Asia.

  1. Local Indian legends attribute the foundation of Christian churches along the Malabar coast of India about 52 c.e. to the apostle St. Thomas. Malabar state of Kerala still home to Judaism and Christianity.
77
Q

Gupta Age

A

A. Government and Economy

  1. Indians today consider the cultural achievements of the dynamic Gupta era (320-550 c.e.) as their great golden age. Brought political unity and was the most dynamic society in the world at that time.
  2. The Gupta family conquered most of north India between 320 and 409 c.e., although south India remained outside its control. Much like the Mauryan empire the Gupta was decentralized with outlying districts that acknowledged Gupta lordship.
  3. King Chandra Gupta II (r. 375-414) was a revered figure, maintaining low taxes, favoring merchants and farmers, gold/silver coins,and encouraging extensive foreign trade as India became the textile center of the world. Metal, salt, and industrial arms were all operated by the gov’t.
  4. Gupta India and its capital at Patna enjoyed domestic peace, prosperity, hospitals, parks, and a university that attracted 10,000 students. Religious tolerance and just punishment were rampant except for the untouchables, rulers were Hindu but still helped build Buddhist temples.
  5. The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Faxian (Fa-hsien) who commented on wonderful life under Gupta, visited great Buddhist centers of learning in Gupta India, as did others throughout Asia who visited the Buddhist monastery and university at Nalanda.

B. Social Life and Gender Relations

  1. Patriarchy became more dominant in north India during the Gupta era, although in south India women enjoyed more freedom and a matrilineal kinship pattern.
  2. Brahmans imposed rigid views through the Code of Manu and Mahabarata to ensure the control of women through early arranged marriage and forbidding the remarriage of widows, who increasingly were forced into sati, being burned alive on the funeral pyre of their dead husbands.
  3. An exception to this pattern of male domination was the Kama Sutra handbook that offered more liberated ideas for sexual relations.

C. Science and Mathematics

  1. Gupta Indians excelled in science, math, literature, and the arts. Worlds leading producer of scientific knowledge.
  2. The astronomer Aryabhata (ca. 476-550 c.e.) (wrote at 23) taught that the world was round and orbited around the sun, correctly predicted lunar eclipses, and accurately calculated the size of the moon, earth and the length of the solar year.
  3. Gupta mathematicians excelled above everyone except in geometry, they calculated pi, formulated the concept of zero and the decimal system, and used a system of counting with ten as a base number, a system that became known to Europeans as Arabic numerals, considered pagan until the 15th century but led to modern science/math.
  4. Gupta chemistry innovations included soap, cement, tempered steel, crystallized sugar, and medical advances based on yoga and herbs. Long tradition of medical advances: spinal chord, nervous system, sterilize wounds, Cesarian deliveries, plastic surgery, vaccine for smallpox and still used leprosy treatment.

D.Culture and the Arts
1. The state supported the arts, including Sanskrit dramatists such as the popular Kalidasa, made ancient tales into drama and lyrics famous “The Cloud Messengers”, and musicians who wrote songs for the vina (lute) and sitar (zither).

E.Decline of the Guptas
1. The Guptas declined in the face of Hun attacks that depleted the treasury, leaving northern India vulnerable to waves of other invaders from Central Asia.

78
Q

The Development of Southeast Asian Societies

A

Seafaring, Trade, and Migrations

  1. The Straits of Melaka, between Sumatra and Malaya, formed a rich base for nearby peoples engaging in long-distance trade as far as Rome. South China Sea and Indian Ocean allowed for ships to meet the strait.
  2. The Austronesian ancestors of today’s Malays were among the world’s greatest mariners, using revolutionary four-sided lanteen sails that allowed their huge ships, carrying 700 sailors and 6,000 tons of cargo, to sail directly into the wind.
79
Q

Indianization and Early Mainland States

A
  • *Irrigated rice provided an economic and labor intensive economic mainstay that allowed for socila cooperation and centralized kingdoms
    1. Southeast Asians were influenced by a blending of Indian and Chinese culture with their own indigenous traditions.
    3. By 500 b.c.e. small states based on irrigated rice agriculture emerged such as Van Lang in northern Vietnam
    4. Southeast Asian sailors brought home concepts of religion (Buddhism and Hinduism), government, writing systems, and the arts from India. Liked the mandate of heaven idea.
    5. Southeast Asian societies mixed Indian concepts (especially about government and religion) with indigenous ideas in a process called Indianization.
80
Q

Funan

A

Funan centered in the Mekong delta, maintaining contact with both China and India. Built complex irrigation systems to turn swamp into farming land, had control of Cambodia and Thailand. With access to sea trade routes, it was part of large trading routes (Rome/Arabia/Central Asia/East Africa)

81
Q

Zhenla

A

Zhenla emerged inland in the Mekong River Basin. Played a major role when it sucommed to civil war. Because of its fertility, adaption and political organization made Khmer people, who founded Funan and Zhenla, the most influential in Southeast Asia.

82
Q

Champa

A

The Champa located along the coast of central Vietnam with its capital at Hue, were renowned as sailors and merchants. Rivals of Khmer people. Tried to control dynamic coastal commerce b/w china and SE asia, did not have set boundaries like Funan. Had hard time ruling over chieftans, and were frequently at war with Vietnamese on the sea, who eventually overran them and occupied there.

83
Q

Vietnam

A
  1. The Chinese conquered northern Vietnam in 111 b.c.e., colonizing the Red River Valley and enacting a policy of assimilating Vietnamese to Chinese rule and culture.
  2. Many Vietnamese adapted Confucianism, Daoism, and Mahayana Buddhism, but mixed them with their own ancestor and spirit worship, also took on the Chinease family system, written language and politics.
  3. Some Vietnamese developed a hatred for Chinese rule and an unparalleled spirit of national determination that erupted in rebellion, such as that led by the Trung Sisters, 39-41 c.e, who almost forced out the Chinese. Part of reason of maintaining their own cultural identity. Finally achieved independence in 10th century.

E. Economies, Societies, and Cultures

  1. The framework of trade and social life developed during this period set the regional pattern for centuries. Foreign merchants stayed there in temporary and permanent residences, frequently cosmopolitan. Very prosperous, commerce was great, but rice was the best still.
  2. Gender relations in Southeast Asia were much more egalitarian than those in China, India, or the Middle East.
    c) Older women controlled village markets and had considerable power in family affairs. A pattern of blending religions also came about and still exists today, religion is inclusive and eclectic.
84
Q

Early Roman Empire Religions

A
  1. Greco-Roman Pantheon- Polytheistic (myhtology)
  2. Mithraism: Mystery cult for soldiers, met in basement temples and shared a meal
  3. Osiris/Isis: Popular with women (mother goddess)
  4. Cybele
  5. Zoroastrianism
  6. Judaism
85
Q

Judea in 1st century

A

Jewish kings under Romans, Rome was in civil war with Antony vs. Octavius, Herod was king

86
Q

Groups in Judea

A
  1. Pharisees: Believed in Toruh plus written and oral law, had made onwn living traditions with their interpretation of the laws. Power came from authority piety. Appealed to lower classes.
  2. Sadducees: High priesthood, traced lineage to David, only believed the Toruh. Close to Rome and Hellenism
  3. Herodians: Supported King Herod
  4. Essenes: Learned in 1947 in the dead sea scrolls, mystical Judaism . Didn’t like rules, wante dpersonal relationship with Yahweh
87
Q

Jesus

A

Born in 4 BCE. in Roman Palestine. Line of David. Drew crowds of poor angered Pharisees and Sadducees. Eventually led to arrest and crucifixion by Pontius Pilot in 30 CE . Seen as a trouble maker.

88
Q

Paul of Tarsus

A

63 CE. Roman citizen who was a opponent of Christianity unto conversion. Spent life teaching Christ, stressed his divinity and salvation by faith. Until Paul people saw Christianity as a sect of Judaism, but he changed this by letting Gentiles become Christians. Jewish revolt and taring down the temple allowed Christianity to thrive.

89
Q

Christianity to Constantine

A

Strong Jewish element til 70 CE, but Christianity’s charms attracted people:

  1. burial for poor
  2. hospitality to travelers
  3. relative gender equality
  4. spiritual liberation for slaves/prisoners
  5. strong radical faith, and commitment that astounded Pagans because Christians would die for Christ than worship emperors of Rome
90
Q

Early Church Centers

A 
Alexandria 
Antioch
Jerusalem
Rome
Constantinople after 325 BCE
**Often fought among one another on ideas
91
Q

Emperor Constantine

A

Christianity illegal thought to be incestuous and cannibalistic. However Constantine fought wars to control the Roman empire, ascribed victory at Milian Bridge to God. After issued Edic of Milian that legalized Christianity.Moved capital of Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople) and deathbed baptism.

92
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

1st ecumenical council, 200 bishops that discussed Arianism ideas that Jesus was only semi-divine, shot down that. Decided that there was a Trinity (Father/Son/Holy Spirit). Nicene Creed.

93
Q

Council of Constantinople

A

50 Greek Bishops established the Holy Ghost was part of the Trinity and elaborated on the Creed. Arian Christianity transformed. Christianity became official religion of the Romans, still had pagans but emperors were Christian.

94
Q

Byzantine Caesaro Papism

A

Christianity lost some control to the government in exchange for protection, 1st was Constantine. Emperors saw their jobs as to help shape the Church. Developed Icons and Iconoclasm: Images of Jesus and Saints that helped the illiterate. Some people saw as idols and emperors decided to smash them which angered people.

95
Q

Nestorian Christians

A

founded by Nestorius, said Jesus was 2 persons united, broke with Roman churches who they thought oversold the divinity of Mary since she was only mother to the human part of Christ. Strongest in the Sassanian empire (Persian Church of Assyrian Church) who liked them because they hated Rome like them. 1st to spread Christianity to China.

96
Q

Council of Chalcedon

A

500+ bishops, refined and re ratified the creed. 2 natures of Christ: Divine and Human (miaphysite schism). Condemned Nestorian Christianity. Trinity as we know it today, parts are not each other but they are all God.

97
Q

Coptic Christianity

A

Among oldest churches, trace lineage to Mark in Egypt.. Most prominent in Middle East (Iraq and Egypt). Believed in miaphysite: Jesus has one nature, divine (within it is human and divine natures).

98
Q

Fall of Rome

A

Everyone is descendent of Roman Church, Rome fell in 5th century to Barbarian invaders, the Visigoths, Vandals, Odoacer who led to Dark Ages. After 476, state was gone so the Church replaced as the center of Rome, able to do this because of monasticism.

99
Q

Desert Fathers

A

Egyptian Christian monks who lived in desert seeking God. Eventually formed monasteries. Anthony father of eremitic monasticism (hermits).

100
Q

Benedict of Nursia

A

Father of European monasticism, made a code for it. Must have poverty, chastity and obedience to rules. Pray for 5-6 hours, work for 5-6 hours, and study the Bible for 4 hours. Sources of stability for Europe.

101
Q

Pachomious

A

Ruled and cenobitic monasticism (community). Lived in a monastery.

102
Q

Clovis king of Franks

A

Wife Elsa’s Christian, baptized Ito Catholic Church in 507. Beginning of France’s ties To papacy. Major tiring point of christianization of Europe under RCC.

103
Q

Ban Zhou

A

Most famous women shoals in Han women’s place in society

History (3 decks)

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