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Anatomy > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cover body surfaces, line body cavities, form protective sheets around organs, are classified according to tissue types

A

functions of body membranes

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2
Q

cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, serous membranes

A

epithelial tissue

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3
Q

synovial membranes

A

connective tissue mebrane

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4
Q

are simple organs, also called covering and lining membranes

A

epithelial membranes

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5
Q

these membranes contain both the epithelial tissue layer and the connective tissue layer

A

epithelial membranes

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6
Q

dry membrane, outermost protective boundary, consists of the two layers

A

cutaneous membrane=skin

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7
Q

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (most superficial)

A

epidermis

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8
Q

mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue

A

dermis

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9
Q

moist membrane, some secrete protective lubricating mucus, line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface, adapted for absorption or secretion

A

mucous membranes (mucosa)

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10
Q

consist of two layers of epithelium type depends on site and loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

A

mucous membranes

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11
Q

line compartments in the ventral body cavity that are closed to the exterior of the body and occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a visceral and parietal layer

A

serous membrane

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12
Q

lines the organ

A

visceral

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13
Q

lines the cavity

A

parietal

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14
Q

cover organs in the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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15
Q

surround the lungs

A

pleura

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16
Q

surround the heart

A

pericardia

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17
Q

loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue), line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, line bursae, line tendon sheath, secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscles activity

A

synovial membranes

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18
Q

consists of skin and skin appendages

A

integumentary system

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19
Q

skin appendages

A

sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails

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20
Q

insulates and cushion deeper body organs

A

integumentary system

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21
Q

the integumentary system protects the entire body from

A

mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
chemical damage (acid and bases)
thermal damage (heat or cold)
ultraviolet radiation (sunlight)
microbes (bacteria)
water loss

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22
Q

regulates heat loss as controlled by the nervous system, acts as mini excretory system

A

integumentary system

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23
Q

sweat aids in the loss of urea salts and water, synthesizes vitamin D, and secretions create a protective acid mantle

A

integumentary system

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24
Q

outer layer, composed of stratified squamous epithelium, most cells are keratinocytes which produces a fibrous protein called keratin

A

epidermis

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25
Q

makes the epidermis tough

A

keratinization

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26
Q

connect keratinocytes together

A

desmosomes

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27
Q

is avascular and composed of layers

A

epidermis

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28
Q

two kinds of tissue compose the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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29
Q

anchors the skin to underlying organs, not technically part of the integumentary system, composed mostly of adipose tissue, and serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues

A

subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

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30
Q

layers of the skin

A

strata corneum
strata lucidum
strata granulosome
strata spinosome
strata basale

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31
Q

deepest layer of the epidermis, lies next to the dermis, wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together, cells undergoing mitosis, daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

A

stratum basale

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32
Q

cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinzed

A

stratum spinosum

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33
Q

very middle layer

A

stratum granulosum

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34
Q

formed from dead cells of deeper strata, occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

A

stratum lucidum

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35
Q

outermost layer of epidermis, shingle like dead cells are killed with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

A

stratum corneum

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36
Q

is a pigment produced by melanocytes, melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis, color is yellow to brown to black

A

melanin

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37
Q

alert and active immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion)

A

epidermal dendritic cells

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38
Q

associated with sensory nerve endings, serve as touch receptors called

A

merkel cells

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39
Q

connective tissue, underlines the epidermis

A

dermis

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40
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

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41
Q

upper dermal region: contains projections called dermal papillae, areolar connective tissue, indent the epidermis above, many projections contain capillary loops and others house pain and touch receptors on palm and sole surfaces papillae increase friction and gripping ability, fingerprints are identifying films of sweat

A

papillary

42
Q

deepest skin layer, dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors

A

reticular

43
Q

cutaneous sensory receptors, phagocytes, collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels

A

dermal features

44
Q

three pigments contribute to skin color

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

45
Q

yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments

A

melanin

46
Q

orange-yellow pigment (also found in some vegetables)

A

carotene

47
Q

red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries, oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

A

hemoglobin

48
Q

due to embarassment, inflammation hypertension, fever, or allergy

A

redness (erythema)

49
Q

due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

A

pallor (blanching)

50
Q

indicates a liver disorder

A

jaundice (yellow cast)

51
Q

hematomas

A

bruises (black and blue marks)

52
Q

cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands

A

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

53
Q

located all over the skin except for palms and soles, produce sebum oil, most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; other open directly onto skin surface, glands are active at puberty with increase androgens

A

sebaceous glands

54
Q

makes skin soft and moist, prevents hair firm becoming brittle, kills bacteria

A

sebum oil

55
Q

produce sweat and widely distributed in skin

A

sweat glands

56
Q

two types of glands

A

eccrine glands and apocrine glands

57
Q

more numerous located all over the body, open via duct to sweat pores on the skin surface, produces acidic sweat, function in body temperature regulation

A

eccrine glands

58
Q

water, salts, vitamin c, traces of metabolic waste

A

acidic sweat

59
Q

ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals, begin to function at puberty, release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color), plays a minimal role in body temperature regulation

A

apocrine glands

60
Q

located body wide except for palms, soles, nipples, lips, produced by hair follicle, root is enclosed in the follicle, shaft protects from the surface of the scalp or skin, consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells, melanocytes provides pigment for hair color

A

hair

61
Q

most heavily keratinized region of the hair

A

cuticle on outside of cortex

62
Q

composed of an inner epithelial root sheath and an outer fibrous sheath, dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle), arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened

A

hair follicle

63
Q

is the visible attached portion of the nail

A

body

64
Q

skin folds that overlap the edges of the nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge

A

nail folds

65
Q

growth of the nail occurs from

A

nail matrix of nail bed

66
Q

is embedded in the skin

A

root of the nail

67
Q

caused by fungal infection, itchy red peeling skin between the toes

A

athletes foot

68
Q

caused by inflammation of hair follicles

A

furuncles

69
Q

are clusters of boils caused by bacteria

A

carbuncles

70
Q

caused by human herpes virus 1, blisters itch and sting

A

cold sores (fever blisters)

71
Q

caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses, itching, redness, and swelling of the skin

A

contact dermatitis

72
Q

caused by bacterial infection, pink, fluid like raised lesions around mouth/nose

A

impetigo

73
Q

triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress, red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, or sometimes bleed

A

psoriasis

74
Q

tissue damage and cell caused by heart, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

A

burns

75
Q

associated dangers of burns

A

protein denaturation and cell death, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory shock

76
Q

result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria

A

burns

77
Q

extent of burn is estimated using the

A

rule of nines

78
Q

the area surrounding the genitals represents

A

1% of body surface area

79
Q

superficial brun, only epidermal is damage, skin is red and swollen

A

first degree burn

80
Q

superficial partial thickness burn, epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged, skin is red, painful, and blistered, regrowth of the epidermis can occur

A

second degree brun

81
Q

full thickness burn, destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless, requires skin grafts as regeneration is not possible. burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black

A

third degree burns

82
Q

full thickness burn, extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons), appears dry and leathery, requires surgery and grafting, many require amputation

A

fourth degree burns

83
Q

what makes a burn critical

A

over 30% of the body is a second degree burn, over 10% of the body is a third or fourth degree,

84
Q

most common form of cancer in humans, most important risk factor is overexposure UV radiation in sunlight and tanning beds

A

skin cancer

85
Q

means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread

A

benign

86
Q

means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas

A

malignant

87
Q

most common types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

88
Q

least malignant and most common type of skin cancer, arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin, lesions appear as shiny, dome shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

A

basal cell carcinoma

89
Q

believed to be induced by UV exposure, arises from cells of stratum spinosum, lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers, early removal allows a good chance of cure, metastasized to lymph nodes if not removed

A

squamous cell carcinoma

90
Q

most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5% of skin cancers, cancer melanocytes, metastasized rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

A

malignant melanoma

91
Q

uses ABCDE

A

melanoma

92
Q

ABCDE

A

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter, evolution

93
Q

a downy hair, covers the body but disappears by birth

A

lanugo

94
Q

a white, cheesy, oil covering, is apparent and protects baby while in fluid filled sac

A

vernix caseosa

95
Q

small white spots, are common and disappear by the third week

A

Milla

96
Q

acne may appear

A

adolescence

97
Q

skin is thick, resilient, and well hydrated

A

youth

98
Q

pimples, scales, and dermatits are more common with again skin

A

adulthood

99
Q

skin loses elasticity and thins

A

aging

100
Q

occurs with aging, genetically determined, other factors that may contribute include drugs and emotional stress

A

balding (alopecia)/ graying

Anatomy (16 decks)

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