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Evolution > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how large is hiv genome?

A

around 10,000 base pairs

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2
Q

what does reverse transcriptase do?

A

copies RNA into DNA but not very good at it (1 mutation every 10,000 bp), using enzyme reverse transcriptase

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3
Q

acute phase of HIV

A

flu symptoms, viral load spikes, strong activation of immune response, knockdown of virus

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4
Q

chronic phase of hiv

A

asymptomatic, immune system mounts defense, selection/ evolution of HIV, T cell count remains high (food for HIV)

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5
Q

AIDS

A

crash of immune system, thymus cannot keep up with T cell production, T cell depleted

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6
Q

AZT

A

nucleotide analog and early treatment of AIDS, almost identical to thymidine
-bound by reverse transcriptase and incorporated into DNA, but cannot form a bond with the next incoming nucleotide, which stops viral replication
-mutations much more frequent which causes them to thrive (ignores AZT while binding to thymidine)
-AZT changes environment resulting in selection for mutations that discriminate against AZT, resulting in evolution

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7
Q

humans evolving resistance to HIV

A

-600,000,000 years vs 180 days (humans vs HIV evolution)
-choice -> evolution -> condoms!

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8
Q

syllogism for hiv evolution

A

control our environment by using condoms and staying indoors

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9
Q

multidrug cocktail

A

-reverse transcriptase inhibitors keep virus from replicating
-protease inhibitors keep viral pre-proteins from maturing
-fusion inhibitors keep gp120 from docking on host cells
-integrase inhibitors keep HIV DNA from inserting into host genome
-works best since infection would take (6 months)^n where n is the number of drugs

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10
Q

vaccine against HIV

A

-no vaccine, treatments in Thailand and south Africa
-first vaccine was just boiled virus

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11
Q

german patient

A

potentially cure from bone marrow transplant from CCR5 donors

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12
Q

london patient

A

bone marrow transplant to cure lymphoma
-CCR5delta32-HIV-cancer

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13
Q

CXCR4

A

does not get transmitted to new hosts
-good for individual virus (high virulence), bad for species (zero transmissibility)
-humans are very virulent on their host planet earth and may kill it before descendants can be transmitted to the future

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14
Q

virulent

A

how successful virus is in the host, virus, host defenses

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15
Q

transmissibility

A

leap to new host, moving to new host

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16
Q

short-sighted evolution

A

HIV needs to reproduce in both the individual and in the population
-if individual dies, how does HIV disperse to new host??

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17
Q

which level controls what evolves, natural selection or species selection

A

species- will we transmit our species into the future

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18
Q

high frequency, recent origin, geographic distribution of CCR5-delta 32 deletion allele

A

evolutionary response to past HIV infections? - not enough time to establish this pattern, HIV is recent virus
-evolutionary response to other past infections?- yes?? evolution of resistance to bubonic plague and smallpox

19
Q

species selection

A

survival of whole lineages through long periods of time due to features of the lineage

20
Q

origin of HIV

A

outgroup for each major clade is SIV- therefore SIV is the ancestor of HIV
-HIV evolved from SIV at least 3 different times

21
Q

altruism

A

good for species, bad for individual
-give away resources
-lots of sharing, longer life species)

22
Q

synamorphy

A

compare living organisms to each other and group based on feature they hold in common that distinguishes them from other organisms, shared derived characteristics, established phyletic group or clade of related organisms

23
Q

PrEP

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis, for people who don’t already have HIV but are at very high risk of getting it

24
Q

PEP

A

post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP is for people who have possibly been exposed to HIV… PEP must be started within 72 hours after recent possible exposure to HIV

25
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

similarity not due to sharing recent ancestor

26
Q

horizontal (lateral)

A

gene transfer via a viral infection

27
Q

convergence

A

similarity due to sharing recent ancestor, but because selection is acting in the same way on two distant species, resulting in same feature

28
Q

adaptation

A

features depend on parents, genetic change

29
Q

acclimation

A

depends on hostplant, physiological/ developmental change

30
Q

microevolution

A

beak depth changed due to different weather conditions taking preference over certain types of beak

31
Q

macroevolution

A

dna evidence: finches closer in relation to each other than to any bird on the mainland, therefore a single founder bird (grassquit) speciated into 13 finches
-where two different species co-occur, they do not recognize each other’s mating songs, and do not recognize each other physically as of the same species
-where two different species co-occur, they do not hybridize (they don’t mate)

32
Q

what is needed for speciation

A

isolation of gene pool

33
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographic barrier prohibits gene flow (darwin’s finches, different islands)

34
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation occurs in same geography, habitat selection and mate choice co-occur to prohibit gene flow

35
Q

what isolates gene pools

A

habitat selection (time and space) and mate choice

36
Q

ring species

A

evidence that one species can split into two species (that species evolve from other species, rather than are independent creations)

37
Q

why is seed oil 5 percent in nature? why doesn’t it rise beyond 20 percent under artificial selection?

A

competitive

38
Q

artificial selection

A

source of selection: agricultural biologist is opposed to mother nature
-wild cabbage is highly evolvable capable of generating wide variety of genotypes and phenotypes

39
Q

heritability

A

proportion of variation in feature due to genes (as opposed to environment)
-ranges from 0 (feature not heritable) to 1 (completely heritable)

40
Q

retrovirus

A

virus with an RNA genome that uses reverse transcription to make DNA copy of its genome

41
Q

what problem do scientists face when trying to create vaccine against HIV

A

evolves so rapidly, particularly its surface proteins which are most antigenic, that a vaccine becomes ineffective quickly

42
Q

synapomorphy of chordates

A

notochord

43
Q

synapomorphy of eukaryotes

A

true nucleus

Evolution (1 decks)

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