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Conservation Bio > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chytrid

A

infects amphibians

native to southern Asia

global threat in 1970’s

lost physiological ability to regulate water exchange across skin

caused sever pop decline and extinction

some species are resistant but still spread as carriers

most problematic in high altitude

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2
Q

red imported fire ant

A

native to South America

introduced in1930’s to US in ship ballast

favors disturbed sites

$5B per year in infested areas

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3
Q

Asian Tiger Mosquito

A

native to SE Asia

introduced in tired in Houston in 1983

urban; diurnal

important vectors for disease (west nile, yellow fever, zika)

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4
Q

sudden oak death

A

fungus phytophthora

likely from Himalayas

found in California, Oregon, and parts of Europe

causes bleeding cankers, foliage dieback, then mortality of large stands

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5
Q

prevention of invasive species

A

limit spread and keep them from establishing in the first place

     government issued bans

    legal penalties

    inspection of international vessels and goods

early detection and distribution mapping systems

identify and eradicate new or outlying pops

predict and spread location of pops

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6
Q

control and management of invasive species

A

reduce pop sizes

herbicide/pesticide

hunting and trapping animals

biological control

prevent spread or re-emergence

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7
Q

research of invasive species

A

test new control and management options

increase our understanding of invasive species and how invasions can affect ecosystems

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8
Q

direct problems to humans of invasive spceies

A

pollen allergies

irritating or toxic plants

allergic reactions to insect bites and stings

venomous/hazardous snakes

bacteria or toxic algae from ships

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9
Q

indirect problems of invasive species

A

tick born diseases - cdc list 14 pathogens from 7 tick species

honeysuckle - 5x more deer, 10x increase of infected ticks

mosquito born diseases

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10
Q

greenhouse effect

A

CO2 and other gasses in the atmosphere trap heat, keeping the earth warm

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11
Q

global warming

A

long term trend of rising average global temperature

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12
Q

climate change

A

changes in the global climate which results from the increasing average global increase in temps (precip patterns, drought frequency, heat waves, other extreme weather)

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13
Q

carbon dioxide

A

benchmark 400 ppm - benchmark high level not seen in the last 3-5 million years

pre 1800 - 200ppm

broken in 2015

400+ pm not persistant

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14
Q

what places produce the most carbon

A

US, Europe, China

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15
Q

methane

A

short lived pollutant

degrades more rapidly than CO2, but has stronger immediate effects

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16
Q

where does methane come from?

A

termites, rain forest, wetlands, cows, landfills, oceans, fossils fuels

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17
Q

water vapor

A

traps heat - cloudy nights warmer than clearer nights

higher diel extreme occur in deserts

positive feedback loop - warmer air holds more moisture. more moisture = warmer surface temperature. moisture effects are local and short-lived, but greatly exacerbate effects of increased CO2

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18
Q

upper atmosphere

A

H2O in upper atmosphere is critical

increases the warming effect of other GG’s by 10 %

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19
Q

major consequences

A

air temp rising .2 C per decade

2014-1022 the 9 warmest years on record since 1901

spring arriving sooner at higher elevations

sea surface temperature

focus on SST anomaly; amount of deviation from long-term mean

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20
Q

global ice pack

A

most important climate change indicator

arctic is warming 4x faster than the global average

arctic ice pack is declining rapidly

ice also thinning

antarctic and Greenland

albedo feedback loop

ice pack reflects sunlight, ocean absorbs it

less ice = warmer ocean

warmer ocean = less ice

recent research shows melt water ponding on the ice in summer reduces albedo

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21
Q

storm surge

A

local rise in seal level die to high winds and low pressure in coastal storms

affected by storm strength and speed, and the shape of the continental shelf

mean sea level is the baseline for storm surge

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22
Q

Global warming affects on land plants

A

faster growth rates

altered timing of leaf flush and senescence

earlier flowering under warmer conditions

deciduous trees drop leaves earlier in drought conditions

drought and warming affect of carbon uptake and nutrient cycling

lowland plants moving up-slope

temperate species moving poleward

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23
Q

land animals

A

comma butterfly - moved 200km upward over past 20 years

cetti’s warbler - never seen in the UK, established in southern England in the past 20 years

golden-winged warbler - expanded its range northward by >200km in past 20 years

Pika - moved 530 m uphill in last 100 years

atlas moth - moved 100 m uphill past 40 years

eastern Phoebe - current and predicted distribution based in -4c January isotherm

24
Q

oceans/marine ecosystems

A

acidifications - 30-40% of atmospheric CO2 is dissolved in oceans, reduced pH

reduced coral skeleton growth (bleaching)

weaker shells of zooplankton

reduced CaCO3 production by algae

CO2 toxicity in fish and cephalopod blood

temperature - SST rising quickly

25
Q

FACE experiments

A

free air carbon dioxide enrichment

increasing co2 by 200ppm increased plant biomass up to 35%, but seeds had lower protein and N content

22 year study- plant biomass doubled
N,P,K, and NA in foliage declined

grasshopper abundance declined by 2.5% per year

change in leaf nutrients statically explained by 15% of grasshopper decline

26
Q

flagship species

A

chosen to raise support for conservation in a given place or for an environmental cause

27
Q

umbrella soecies

A

species whose conservation also protect other species by preserving habitat

28
Q

key threats to pops

A

loss of genetic variability

demographic fluctuations

environmental variability

29
Q

population viability analysis

A

model that estimated the probability that a pop will go extinct

30
Q

minimum viable pop

A

minimum pop size to ensure a long-term survival of population

account for catastrophic events and harsh years

31
Q

minimum dynamic area

A

area of sustainable habitat necessary to maintain the minimum viable pop

big horn sheep

32
Q

census

A

count of all individual of a pop

33
Q

survey

A

sample pop to estimate the abundance of density of a species

34
Q

demographic studu

A

follows a sample of individual across a range of sizes/ages

35
Q

species reinforcement

A

augmentation of existing pop with individuals from other pops

used when - pops number is below MVP
low genetic variability in target pops

Hawaiian monk seal

36
Q

species introductions

A

intentional release of a species outside of its native range for conservation purposes

fill ecological niche of an extinct species

ecosystem services

promote restoration of native species

Aldabra giant tortoise

37
Q

problems and challenges of land conservation

A

international cooperation

landowner cooperation - financial incentives

consistent pop monitoring

38
Q

goals of captivity

A

restoration in the wild

financial

research

public awareness and education

39
Q

protected areas

A

defined geographic space dedicated to conservation

usually legally recognized and sctively managed

40
Q

goals of protected areas

A

establish individual protected areas and networks

manage those areas effectively

conserve biodiversity outside of protected areas

restore degraded habitats

41
Q

highest protection

A

strict nature reserve

human access is strictly controlled, good for biodiversity research

wilderness areas- large minimally impacted area with no human habitation

42
Q

national parks

A

large focus on protection of ecosystem process and habitats, allow limited human uses

ex: Yosemite, Yellowstone, smoky mountains

43
Q

natural monuments

A

protect a specific feature or land form, promote high human visitation
natural bridges

44
Q

management areas

A

protect certain species or habitats; managed for wildlife, not people

45
Q

protected landscape/seascape

A

large areas managed for protection and recreation; usually have long history of human impact

46
Q

managed resource land

A

large, managed for protection and extraction fo natural resources

47
Q

effectiveness of protected areas

A

best when isolated or patrolled

often quite obvious, especially in tropics

48
Q

support for protected areas

A

government action- politically and economically motivated, happens in bursts; most important today

private action - TNC, WWF, linked to economy

tribal action - cultural preservation; linked to politics

49
Q

distinctiveness

A

conservation value generally is determined by rarity

50
Q

vulnerability

A

prevent extinction based on current rates of decline

51
Q

utility

A

any relationship of target species to agriculture, cultural history, or economy is helpful

52
Q

indicator

A

represents and depends on a specific habitat type

53
Q

hotspot app

A

exceptionally high biodiversity

high endemism

significant

54
Q

ecosystem approach

A

focus on preserving ecosystem services

flood control and recreation are easier to sell publicly and politically than is a single species

mangroves, floodplain forest, lakes

55
Q

gap species

A

species not currently protected in any part of their range

56
Q

gap analysis

A

determine the disturbance of focal species geographic features, humans, etc.

Conservation Bio (1 decks)

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