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Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the opening of any blood vessel called?

A

A lumen

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1
Q

What occurs in the capillaries?

A

Waste and nutrient exchange

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2
Q

Does an artery have a smooth or scalloped lumen?

A

Scalloped

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3
Q

Does a vein have a smooth or scalloped lumen?

A

Smooth

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4
Q

Which has a thicker tunica media, an artery or a vein?

A

Artery

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5
Q

What does the endothelium that lines blood vessels do?

A

Secretes chemicals that relax blood vessels and prevents platelets from sticking

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6
Q

What is the thickest layer in a vein?

A

The tunica adventitia

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7
Q

What are the three tunics in an artery or vein, from innermost to outermost?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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8
Q

What is the tunica adventitia made of?

A

Connective tissue that contains tiny blood vessels

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9
Q

Where is the internal elastic membrane found in an artery?

A

Between the tunica intima and the tunica media

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10
Q

What is the force that propels blood through arteries?

A

Blood pressure from the pumping heart

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the valves in the veins?

A

Prevents back flow of blood and keeps blood moving in the same direction

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12
Q

What 4 factors propel blood thru the veins?

A

Residual blood pressure; neural impulses to vessel walls; skeletal muscle movements against veins; respiratory movements draw blood to the heart

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13
Q

What are the upper chambers in the heart called?

A

Atrium

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14
Q

What are the lower chambers in the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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15
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

The pericardium

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16
Q

What is the space between the two membranes of the pericardium filled with?

A

Pericardial fluid, which is serous fluid

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17
Q

What are the layers on either side of the pericardial cavity called?

A

The inner layer (closer to heart tissue) is the visceral pericardium, and the outer layer (further from heart tissue) is the parietal pericardium

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18
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Inner layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart

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19
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

A collection of veins that form a large vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle itself to the right atrium for oxygenation

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20
Q

What is the valve at the base of the pulmonary trunk called?

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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21
Q

What is the muscle that makes up the heart called?

A

Myocardium

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22
Q

What are the layers of the heart from innermost to outermost?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

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23
Q

What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve on?

A

The right side

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24
Q

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

Mitral valve

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25
Q

How many nuclei does a cardiac muscle cell have?

A

One

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26
Q

What marks the ends of a cardiac muscle cell?

A

Dense striations called intercalated discs

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27
Q

What is ‘regurgitation’ of the blood? What’s an example?

A

Flow of blood in the opposite direction from what is intended, such as flow from a ventricle into an atrium

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28
Q

What incorrect flow does a mitral valve prolapse cause?

A

Regurgitation from the left ventricle into the left atrium

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29
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

An inflammation of the endocardium caused by bacteria in the blood

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30
Q

What is the ‘lub’ sound in ‘lub dub’ caused by?

A

The closing of the atrioventricular valves (tri- and bicuspid)

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31
Q

What is the ‘dub’ sound caused by?

A

The closing of the semilunar valves

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32
Q

What compound is created in the lungs when blood combines with oxygen?

A

Oxyhemoglobin (HBO2) - this is O2 plus hemoglobin

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33
Q

What is the flow of blood back to the heart called?

A

Venous return

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34
Q

What is the swelling of veins called?

A

Varicosity

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35
Q

Where does the heart beat begin?

A

In the right atrium

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36
Q

What is the name of the exact location where the heart beat begins in the right atrium?

A

The sinoatrial (AV) node - also referred to as the natural pacemaker of the heart

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37
Q

What is the contraction phase of the heart beat called?

A

Systole

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38
Q

What is the relaxation phase of the heart beat called?

A

Diastole

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39
Q

What is the average heart rate?

A

60-80 beats/min

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40
Q

What is arterial blood pressure a measure of?

A

Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

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41
Q

What is the average arterial blood pressure?

A

120/80

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42
Q

What is arterial blood pressure measured with?

A

A sphygmomanometer

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43
Q

What is pulse pressure a measure of?

A

How tsrong the heart beat is

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44
Q

How is the pulse pressure calculated?

A

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

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45
Q

What is mean arterial pressure a measure of?

A

The average pressure in the heart during heartbeat

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46
Q

How is mean arterial pressure calculated?

A

systolic + 2(diastolic)/3

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47
Q

What is the second node that the heart’s electrical signal travels to?

A

The atrioventricular (AV) node

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48
Q

What is the collection of fibers in the septum that transmits the heart’s signal from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles called?

A

Bundle of His

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49
Q

What does the Bundle of His further branch into?

A

Purkinje fibers - they supply signal to the ventricles

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50
Q

What is a slow heart rate called?

A

Brachycardia

51
Q

What is an abnormally rapid heart rate called?

A

Tachycardia

52
Q

What does the “P” phase of an EKG represent?

A

Atrial depolarization (contraction)

53
Q

What does the “QRS” phase of an EKG correspond to?

A

Ventricular depolarization (contraction)

54
Q

What does the “T” phase of an EKG stand for?

A

Ventricular repolarization (return to resting potential)

55
Q

What is ‘fibrillation’?

A

Rapid and ineffective contraction

56
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

A weakening of the heart muscle that leads to an inability of the heart to pump blood. As a result, fluid builds up in the lungs and surrounding tissues

57
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build up of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries

58
Q

What are the two categories of reflexes that affect cardiac contraction?

A

Reflexes with inotropic effects (effects on the heart force) and those with chronotropic effects (effect on heart rate)

59
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Receptors in the blood vessels that detect changes in blood pressure, and send info about abnormal blood pressure to the CNS to correct it

60
Q

What does the carotid-sinus reflex do?

A

When bp in the carotid arteries goes up, rate and force of the heart’s contractions go down, resulting in a drop in bp

61
Q

What are the carotid arteries?

A

They carry blood to the brain and head

62
Q

What is the aortic reflex?

A

If the bp in the aorta increases, there is a corresponding decrease in the rate and force of heart’s contractions

63
Q

What effect on venous return does exercise have?

A

It increases it

64
Q

What is the Frank-Starling law?

A

As volume of blood in the heart increases, the force of the heart’s contractions increases

65
Q

What are the two main nerves to the heart?

A

The cardiac (sympathetic) nerve and the vagus (parasympathetic) nerve

66
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nerve secrete?

A

Acetylcholine

67
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nerve secrete?

A

norepinephrine

68
Q

What region of the brain are the vagus and cardiac nerves’ neurotransmitter secretion controlled by?

A

The medulla

69
Q

What two important organs in the fetus are non-functional?

A

The liver and the lungs

70
Q

What is the chorion?

A

One of the two membranes of the placenta (the fetal one)

71
Q

What hormone do the chorionic villi produce?

A

Human chorionic gonadotroph hormone (HCG)

72
Q

What is the presence of HCG used to test for?

A

Pregnancy

73
Q

What is the umbilical vein?

A

A vein that carries O2 rich blood from the placenta to the fetus

74
Q

What does the ductus venosus do?

A

It shunts oxygenated blood from the left branch of the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, allowing it to bypass the liver

75
Q

What are the two shunts that allow blood to bypass the fetal lungs?

A

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosis

76
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A shunt in the heart that allows fetal blood to travel straight from the right atrium to the left, bypassing the lungs and pulmonary trunk

77
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

A connection that shunts blood from the pulmonary vein to the aorta in the fetus, allowing blood to bypass the lungs

78
Q

Which side of the heart has more oxygenated blood in the fetus?

A

The right side (which is the opposite of after birth)

79
Q

Which is the longer-lasting phase of the heartbeat, systole or diastole?

A

DIastole

80
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat

81
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume (EDV-ESV)

82
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart per unit of time (usually minutes)

83
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume times heart rate (in beats/min)

84
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

How much of the end diastolic volume is ejected per beat (measured as a percent)

85
Q

What is the equation for ejection fraction?

A

Stroke volume/end diastolic volume

86
Q

What is the main factor regulating stroke volume?

A

Venous return- the more blood that returns to the atrium, the more is pumped out by the ventricles

87
Q

What is shock?

A

Decreased blood flow to the organs (including the brain)

88
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

A drop in blood volume (can be due to hemorrhage, blood loss, etc)

89
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Inflammatory mediators cause vassodilation, which causes a drop in blood pressure

90
Q

What is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock?

A

Myocardial infarction (death of cardiac muscle due to a loss of blood flow)

91
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Death of cardiac muscle due to a loss of blood flow to that area (AKA a heart attack)

92
Q

What are some symptoms of a myocardial infarction that are specific to women?

A

Headache, nausea, sweating

93
Q

When are cardiac enzymes released from the heart?

A

After damage to the heart muscle (elevated enzyme levels are a marker of a heart attack)

94
Q

What are the three enzymes released from the heart muscle after damage?

A

CK, LDH, and AST

95
Q

What are isoenzymes?

A

Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction, but come from a different tissue

96
Q

What is the first biochemical marker of a heart attack?

A

Troponin

97
Q

In what order to the enzyme levels rise after a heart attack?

A

First CK (at 3-6 hours after event), then SGOT (AST), then LDH

98
Q

What is a high level of CRP in the bloodstream indicative of?

A

It can be a sign of possible heart disease risk

99
Q

What are the three hormones that influence blood flow and pressure?

A

Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

100
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone secreted from?

A

The posterior pituitary

101
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

A

The adrenal cortex

102
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

Any chemical that increases urine output and lowers blood pressure

103
Q

What does an antidiuretic do?

A

Inhibits urine production and increases fluid retention. They maintain untravascular fluid volume.

104
Q

When is ADH released and what region of the brain senses its levels?

A

It is released when blood pressure or blood volume drops. Its levels are sensed by the hypothalamus

105
Q

What is the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure?

A

As blood volume increases, so does blood pressure

106
Q

What does ADH do once it’s circulating in the bloodstream?

A

It re-absorbs water from the kidney tubules back into the bloodstream, increasing blood volume and pressure

107
Q

Besides re-absorbing water, what is another action of ADH that increases blood pressure?

A

It also constricts blood vessels, which increases blood pressure

108
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Low sodium

109
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

High potassium

110
Q

What do the kidneys secrete in hyperkalemia?

A

Renin

111
Q

What inactive substance does renin act on to turn it active?

A

Angiotensinogen I

112
Q

What active substance does renin convert angiotensinogen to? What effect does this substance have on blood pressure?

A

Angiotensin I, which raises blood pressure

113
Q

What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

114
Q

What substances does aldosterone increase absorption of?

A

Salt and H2O

115
Q

What is the relationship between blood pressure and sodium levels?

A

As sodium levels rise, so does blood pressure

116
Q

How do ACE inhibitors decrease blood pressure?

A

By preventing the production of angiotensin II

117
Q

What occurs when there is too much aldosterone in the body?

A

hypertension (increased blood pressure)

118
Q

What occurs when there is not enough aldosterone in the body?

A

Low blood pressure

119
Q

What is polydipsia? What is it a sign of?

A

Thirst. It’s a sign on low ADH

120
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Increased urine output

121
Q

What is diabetes insipidus caused by?

A

Too little ADH

122
Q

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide produced?

A

In the atrial myocardium

123
Q

When do levels of ANP rise?

A

In congestive heart disease

124
Q

What does ANP cause to be excreted in urine and what effect on blood pressure does this have?

A

Causes sodium to be excreted in urine, which lowers blood pressure

Anatomy (5 decks)

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