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Psychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Analysis of a stimulus that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind

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1
Q

Perception

A

Process when we select, org, and. Interpret our sensations

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2
Q

Absolute threshold

A
  • Our awareness of faint stimuli

- min stim needed to detect a particular stimulus is 50% of the time

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3
Q

Subliminal

A
  • below ones absolute threshold

- studies show that subliminal messages in advertising are ineffective as the effect is subtle and fleeting

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4
Q

Rods (color, light, detail)

A
  • low color sensitivity
    • detect black, white, and gray
  • high sensitivity to dim light
  • low detail sensitivity
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5
Q

Cones (color, light, detail)

A
  • high color sensitivity
    • give rise to color sensations
  • low sensitivity to dim light
  • High detail sensitivity
    • detect fine detail
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6
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

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7
Q

Parallel processing

A
  • Processing of several aspects of stimulus simultaneously

- brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form, movement, etc

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8
Q

Causes of hearing loss (5)

A
  1. Damage to hair cells (exceeding 100 decibels)
  2. Heredity
  3. Aging
  4. Prolonged exposure to loud noise or music
  5. Occasionally disease
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9
Q

How do we locate sounds?

A

Bc we have 2 ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other cause us to localize the sound

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10
Q

Kinethesis (2)

A
  • sense of our body parts’ position and movement

- enabled by sensors in joints, tendons, bones, ears, and skin

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11
Q

4 touch sensations

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Warmth
  3. Cold
  4. Pain
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12
Q

Nose receptors (2)

A
  • oderants enter nasal cavity to stim 5m receptors to sense smell
  • brain region for smell is closely connected with brain regions involved with memory
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13
Q

Taste receptors (5)

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Salty
  3. Sour
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
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14
Q

Gate control theory (2)

A
  • proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed
  • the “gate” is opened by activity of pain traveling up small nerve fibers and closed by activity in large fibers or by info coming from the pain
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15
Q

Gestalt (2)

A
  • a “whole” different than it’s surroundings

- we filter info to allow it to make sense

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16
Q

Visual cliff experiment

A

Lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

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17
Q

Sausage finger experiment

A

Binocular cue..retina disparity

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18
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as in hanging even as illumination and retinal image change

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19
Q

Size constancy

A

We perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies

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20
Q

Perceptual set (2)

A
  • mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
  • based on our ideas, beliefs, and expectations
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21
Q

Parapsychology

A

Study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP

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22
Q

John b. Watson (2)

A
  • believed human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of unconditioned responses
  • showed how specific fears can be conditioned with controversial “little Albert” experiment
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23
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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24
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (UR)

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25
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to a (US)

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26
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus after conditioning

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27
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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28
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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29
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial learning stage in classical conditioning in with an assoc b/t a neutral and unconditioned stimulus take place

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30
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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31
Q

Extinction

A

Occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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32
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus

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33
Q

Discrimination

A

Learned ability to distinguish b/t a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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34
Q

Why is pavlov’s work so important? (2)

A
  1. Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms can adapt to their environment
  2. Learning can be studied objectively - provided a scientific model
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35
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning in which behavior operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing stimuli

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36
Q

Shaping

A

Rewarding behavior close to the desired behavior

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37
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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38
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding a desirable stimulus

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39
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Remove an aversive stimulus

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40
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink

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41
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

Learned reinforcer that gets it’s reinforcing power through assoc with primary reinforcer

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42
Q

Immediate reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior

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43
Q

Delayed reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior

44
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforces desired response each time it occurs

45
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Reinforces a response only part of the time

46
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified # of responses

47
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses

48
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specifies time has elapsed

49
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses

50
Q

Punishment

A

Event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows

51
Q

Positive punishment

A

Administer an aversive stimulus

52
Q

Negative punishment

A

Withdraw a desirable stimulus

53
Q

Observational learning

A

Learn without direct experience by observing and imitating others

54
Q

Who is associated with observational learning?

A

Albert bandura

55
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal love neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

56
Q

Violence viewing effects - media violence can contrib to (4)

A
  1. Aggressive behavior
  2. Desensitization to violence
  3. Nightmares
  4. Fear of being harmed
57
Q

Encoding

A

Processing info into our brains

58
Q

Automatic processing

A

Encoding without conscious effort

59
Q

Rehearsal

A

When learning new info we can boost memory with conscious repetition

60
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

61
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically

62
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

Memory aids

63
Q

Walking memory capacity

A

7 (plus or minus) 2

64
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events

65
Q

Recall

A

Retrieving info learned earlier

66
Q

Recognition

A

Only identifying items previously learned

67
Q

Retrieval cues

A

When you encode into memory a target piece of info, you assoc it with other bits of info about your surroundings, mood, etc. you can use these bits later to access the info

68
Q

Deja vu

A

“I’ve experienced this before”

Cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience

69
Q

State dependent memory

A

What we learn in one state, may be easily recalled when we are again in that state

70
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting info out of memory stage

71
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

(Freud) memories are repressed that are painful to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety

72
Q

Algorithms

A

Exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution

73
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective, impeding problem solving

74
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, a particular prototype

75
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for info that confirms a personal bias

76
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

77
Q

Belief preseverance

A

Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

78
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is presented which can significantly affect decisions and judgements

79
Q

Language

A

Spoken, written, or gestured work; way we communicate meaning to ourselves and others

80
Q

Chomsky

A

Inborn universal grammar

81
Q

G-factor

A

Underlies specific mental abilities and therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

82
Q

Savant syndrome

A

Those who score low on intelligence tests, but have an island of brilliance

83
Q

Gardner

A

Proposes 8 types of intelligences

84
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

85
Q

IQ formula

A

Metal age / chronological age X 100

86
Q

Standardization

A

Defining meaningful test scores by comparison with the performance if a protested group

87
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

88
Q

Reliability

A

Yields consistent results

89
Q

Intellectual disability

A

IQ = 70

90
Q

Gender similarities and difference (7)

A
  1. Girls are better spellers
  2. Girls are verbally fluent and have large vocabularies
  3. Girls are better at locating objects
  4. Girls are more sensitive to touch, taste, and color
  5. Boys outnumber girls in counts of underachievement
  6. Boys outperform girls at math prob solving, but underperform at math computation
  7. Women detect emotions more easily than men do
91
Q

Racial (group) differences (2)

A
  1. White Americans score higher in avg intelligence than black Americans
  2. European New Zealanders score higher than native New Zealanders
92
Q

Motivation

A

Need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal

93
Q

Instinct

A

Complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned

94
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a balanced or constant internal state

95
Q

Culture and appetite

A

Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hungry, but what we feel hungry for

96
Q

Set point

A

Particular stable weight

97
Q

Physiology of obesity

A

Once # of fat cells increases, it never decreases

98
Q

Effects of viewing porn (2)

A
  1. Increases men’s willingness to hurt women

2. Can lead to devaluing their own partners

99
Q

Teen pregnancy: compared to European teens, American teens have a lower rate of contraceptive use bc (5)

A
  1. Ignorance
  2. Minimal communication
  3. Guilt related to sexual activity
  4. Mass media norms of unprotected sex
  5. Alcohol use
100
Q

Rate of homosexuality

A

In Europe and America, based in many national surveys, homosexuality:
In men = 3-4%
In women = 1-2%

101
Q

Sex aiding survival: social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rates (3)

A
  1. Protecting against predators, especially for the young
  2. Procuring food
  3. Reproducing the next offspring
102
Q

Sensation

A

Detecting physical energy (stimulus) from environment and converting it into neural signals

103
Q

Binocular cues

A

Depth cues that depend on the use of 2 eyes

104
Q

Long-term memory

A

Our capacity for storing long term memories is essentially limitless

105
Q

Availability heuristic

A

W/e increases the ease of retrieving info increases it’s perceived availability

106
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (6)

A
  1. Physiological needs (primary)
  2. safety needs
  3. Belongingness and love needs
  4. Esteem needs (competence, avg)
  5. Self-actualization (live up to potential)
  6. Self-transcendence (find meaning and identify beyond the self)
107
Q

Genetic influences of homosexuals (2)

A
  1. Shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins
  2. Probability of homosexuality increases with greater # of older brothers

Psychology (3 decks)

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