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Philosophy > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

epistemology

A

study of gaining knowledge. can we gain it, or is our life opinions?

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2
Q

2 major schools of thought

A

rationalism and empiricism

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3
Q

rationalism

A

the knowledge of the world is already in you. empirical evidence is not necessary

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4
Q

empirical evidence

A

a source of knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation

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5
Q

Rene Descartes

A

an individual who does not reason is limited in what the future holds for them. reason must be learned. “I think, therefore I am”

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6
Q

steps to learn reason, as said by Rene Descartes

A
  1. never believe something unless you can prove it yourself
  2. reduce every problem to its simplest parts
  3. always be orderly in his thoughts and proceed from the simplest part to the most difficult
  4. always, when solving a problem, create a long chain of reasoning and leave nothing out
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7
Q

altruism

A

selfless concern for others

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8
Q

mere contentment

A

John Stuart Mills. a condition of animals and unfortunate people limited to enjoying the lower pleasures.

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9
Q

major goal of Mill’s utilitarianism

A

make as many people as happy as possible, not as content as possible

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10
Q

utilitarian social logic

A

influencing one’s own selfish desires to get them to push for a better society

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11
Q

teleology

A

explain things in term of their ultimate goals. understand things in terms of the whole or purpose.
negative- justifying things based on end result
positive- ethical means based on a result

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12
Q

deontological

A

ethically following the rules to achieve certain ends. means justifies the end. Jesus, Kant

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13
Q

empiricism

A

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume

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14
Q

a good will is?

A

good in itself

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15
Q

moral law

A

dictates that we have a moral action. universal and necessary; moral judgements are a priori

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16
Q

moral duty

A

requires moral law. the necessity of acting from respect for the moral law.

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17
Q

Aristotle thinks that the most pleasant thing in the world is

A

happiness

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18
Q

regulates irrational impulses

A

moral virtues

19
Q

focuses on the rational

A

intellectual virtues

20
Q

Who wrote the theory of justice?

A

John Rawls

21
Q

Who wrote the rules for radicals?

A

Saul Alinsky

22
Q

Bentham believed happiness is

A

“all of the above”

23
Q

Eudaimonia

A

the study of welfare, well-being, health and prosperity

24
Q

Hedonism

A

the pursuit of pleasure, sensual self-indulgence

25
Q

How does Mills differ from Bentham?

A

Mills- quality

Bentham- quantity

26
Q

What method does Mills use?

A

the concrete deductive method

27
Q

What did Mills believe ethical logic is based off of?

A

inductive and deductive reasoning

28
Q

According to Bentham, what are the two sovereigns in life?

A

pleasure and pain

29
Q

7 Benthem hedonic calculus

A

Intensity, duration, propinquity, certainty, fecundity, purity, extent

30
Q

categorical imperative

A

an act of a maxim in hopes that it becomes a universal law

31
Q

maxim

A

looking at a situation and determining what anybody else should morally do in that situation

32
Q

entelechy

A

Kant- having its end within itself. Aristotle- inner urge that drives all things to blossom into their own unique selves.
Inner order or design that governs all natural processes

33
Q

What does SHAPED stand for?

A

self, hates/likes, ability, personality, experiences, doing

34
Q

psychological hedonism

A

the belief that all decisions are based on considerations of pleasure and pain because it is psychologically impossible for human beings to do otherwise

35
Q

principle of utility

A

always act to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number

36
Q

objectivism

A

the tendency to lay stress on what is external to or independent of the mind

37
Q

arete

A

the highest quality state something can reach. virtue, excellence. excellence of function

38
Q

George Berkley

A

nothing is real other than an idea. your brain is not of the same material as the door so you cannot know what it is

39
Q

esse est percipi

A

Latin for Berkley’s belief that “to be is to be perceived”

40
Q

David Hume

A

we cannot know anything. all we have are perceptions. The self is only a collection of concepts, not facts, therefore we are limited

41
Q

inclination

A

decisions and actions based on impulse or desire

42
Q

a priori

A

before. known previous to experience, innate

43
Q

love

A

the will to extend oneself for the purpose of nurturing one’s own or another’s psychological or spiritual development

Philosophy (3 decks)

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