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Ecology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Define Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species that live in a given area.

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1
Q

What is distribution?

A

The geographic area where individual species are present.

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2
Q

3 factors that can influence the distribution and abundance of organisms?

A

Habitat suitability
Historical factors
Dispersal

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3
Q

What is geographic range?

A

The entire geographic region over which a species is found.

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4
Q

Why would a species geographic range be poorly understood? For example, little was know about the monarch butterfly’s range for this region.

A

Because a species life range also includes all of it’s stages of life, which can be hard to study. Little was know about the monarch until it was discover where they migrated in the winter.

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5
Q

Unsuitable habitats within a species geographic range lead to _________

A

Populations having patchy distributions.

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6
Q

In natural populations which is more common: clumped dispersion , regular dispersion, or random dispersion?

A

Clumped

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7
Q

What affects dispersion patterns?

A

Resources, competition, individual behavior, and dispersal.

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8
Q

Are based counts are used to estimate populations of_______ organisms.

A

Immobile

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9
Q

In what estimation approach are organisms counted in a series of sample plots or quadrants and the resulting numbers are used to estimate population size?

A

Area-based counts.

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10
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

The abiotic and biotic conditions that a species needs to grow, survive, and reproduce

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11
Q

What is a niche model ?

A

A tool that predicts a species geographic distribution based on the environmental conditions the species is known to occupy.

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12
Q

Habitat mosaics cause clumped dispersion patterns. Name species that exhibit this.

A

Clematis fremontii and the red kangaroo, fl scrub jay, fl sand skink.

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13
Q

What is a population?

A

Individuals of one species in a specified area that interact with one another.

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14
Q

What is Survival rate?

A

Sx

The chance an individual of age x will survive to be x+1.

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15
Q

What is survivor ship?

A

Lx

The proportion of individuals that survive from birth to age x.

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16
Q

What is fecundity?

A

The average number of offspring produced by a female while she is of age x.

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17
Q

In a type one survivorship curve what age groups have the highest survival rate? What kind of species follow this pattern?

A

New burns, juveniles, and young adults have high survival rates.
People and elephants

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18
Q

Birds that have a constant chance of survival from one age to the next exhibits what type of survivorship curve?

A

Type 2

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19
Q

In type 3 survival ship curves, which individuals have the highest chance of survival?

A

Adults

Typical of species that produce large number of young.

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20
Q

European starling has a _____ distribution?

A

World wide.

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21
Q

Clematis fremontii has a limited distribution and is _______ to ______.

A

Endemic, U.S

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22
Q

Florida scrub jay

A

Very limited distribution. Endemic to fl

Aphelocoma coerulescens.

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23
Q

Florida sand skink

A

Very very limited deist runtime. Endemic to a few counties

Noeseps reynoldsi.

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24
Q

Absolute abundance.

A

Population size and density.

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25
Q

What is population structure and what are it’s characteristics?

A

The arrangement of individuals of a pop.

  1. Abundance
  2. Spacing
  3. Demography
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26
Q

What is a survey? And what are some examples?

A

Estimation of population size by sampling a portion.

  1. Plot sampling
  2. Point counts
  3. Mark recapture
  4. Transect.
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27
Q

Causes of clumped dispersion patterns :

A
  • unevenly distributed resources
  • social organisms
  • dispersal limited
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28
Q

Causes of uniform distribution:

A
  • competition for resources

- territoriality

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29
Q

Dispersion at community level is affected by:

A
  • mutualism
  • predation
  • competition
  • territoriality
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30
Q

What is the dispersion pattern when the the mean = the variance?

A

random

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31
Q

What is the relation ship on the mean and variance for a clumped pattern?

A

Variance > mean

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32
Q

When variance < mean what dispersal pater is exhibited?

A

Uniform

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33
Q

Both the creosote and saguaro are found in _____ areas and are limited by ________. Which plant is limited by temperature? Which plant has a larger distribution?

A

Dry, moisture. Saguaro can’t tolerate freeze for > 36 hours.

Creosote has a larger distribution.

This an example how abiotic facts determine abundance and distribution.

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34
Q

What type of environment to fl scrub jays live?

A

In open areas where there is less dense scrub due to burns.

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35
Q

Define scrub

A

Xeric (very dry) sandy areas dominated by several stunted species of oaks.

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36
Q

S. Blanoides are a species of barnacles who’s distribution is limited by:

A
  • temperature (to the north)

- competition w/ other barnacles ( to the south)

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37
Q

Habitat mosaics are cause by variations ______ and _____. Habitat mosaics cause ______ dispersion patterns. Example?

A

biotic, and abiotic factors, clumped.

Clematis fremontii, fl scrub jay, fl sand skink.

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38
Q

What is a life table?

A

Summary of ages specific survival probabilities and fecundity rates.

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39
Q

What does a life table tell us?

A
  1. Chance of surviving to next time unit
  2. Life expectancy
  3. Reproductive output at a specific age
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40
Q

What can determine reproductive output?

A

Size, age, life strategies

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41
Q

What are the two ways in which class specific survival and fecundity data can be collected and summarized?

A

Cohort life table, and static life table

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42
Q

What is a cohort life table? What is it best for?

A

A group of individuals are followed throughout their life are observed to obtain: Sx, Fx, Ix, Nx

Shorter lived sessile organisms

A piece of the population.

43
Q

What is a static life table? What organisms is it better for analyzing? What must be identified to use static life table?

A

Sample of different cohorts during one time period.# at specific age, lx

Better for long lived or mobile organism

Must be able to age individuals or group into stages.

Snap shot of population at one point in time.

44
Q

Life table data can be used to project future:

A
  1. Age structure
  2. Population size
  3. Population growth rate
45
Q

What two things need to be calculate to predict future population size:

A
  1. # individuals surviving to next time period

2. # of newborns the survivors produce in the next time period.

46
Q

Geometric growth rate

A

Describes the rate at which population growth side changes over 2 discrete time periods.

Lambda

47
Q

Patterns of lambda

A

Lambda> 1 —> increases pop.

Lambda < 1 —-> decrease pop.

Lambda= 1 —-> stable pop.

48
Q

stable age distribution

A

Proportion in each age class remains the same from year to year.

49
Q

Discrete growth and geometric growth

A

Generartions do not overlap

Individuals breed at the same time

Ex. Caribou, salmon

50
Q

Continuous and exponential growth

A

Generations overlap

r= br-de=per-capita rate of increase

51
Q

How are r and lambda related?

A

Lambda= e^r

r=ln(lambda)

If….

r=0 then lambda=1

r>0 then lambda > 1

r< 0 then lambda <1

52
Q

What 2 factors regulate population growth?

A
  1. Density dependent factors

2. Densely independent factors.

53
Q

What is density dependent regulation?

A

A change in population size (N) causes a change in birth and death rates.

> N —> >intraspecifc comp—> < resources available per individual

54
Q

Density independent regulation

A

Changes in the environment alter birth and death rates irrespective of population size

Temp, precipitation

55
Q

Population growth rate for a logistic growth model depends on:

A

The proximity of N to K.

56
Q

Logistic growth assumes:

A

Carrying capacity and resources are constant.

57
Q

For logistic growth, when is the population growth rate:

A

When N=1/2k

58
Q

Regular patriotic fluctuations could be due to variability in:

A
  1. Resource availability
  2. Predator abundance
  3. Parasite Abundance
  4. Delayed Density Dependence.
59
Q

Example of fluctuations do to resource availability.

A

Lake Myvatn and fish

Midge N fluctuates: varies w/ fluctuation in food (algea)

Fish N fluctuates: decrease N did to algae reductions when midge N is high and increase in N when midge is low

60
Q

Example of population fluctuation due to abundance:

A

Predation of collar lemmings by stoats, arctic foxes, snowy owls, long tailed skua

61
Q

Population fluctuation due to parasite abundance example:

A

Prevaccine human populations,bumming response produce measles w/ 2 year cycle

Pattern due to accumulation and decline of susceptibles.

62
Q

Example of population fluctuation due to delayed density dependence:

A

Predator birth rate now is determined by the predator density and prey availability prior to becoming pregnant.

Hate and lynx

63
Q

Delayed density dependence

A

Delay in the affect population density has on Population growth. A change in pop density causes a change in birth or death rates in the future.

64
Q

When 1.6< rt <2.4 a population is exhibiting what kind of growth pattern?

A

Stable limit cycle

65
Q

When 0.4< rt <1.6 a population is exhibiting what kind of growth pattern?

A

Damped oscillations

66
Q

When 0< rt <0.4 a population is exhibiting what kind of growth pattern?

A

Logistic growth pattern

67
Q

What value for rt (tau) can lead to extinction?

A

Rt>2.4

68
Q

Example that fluctuations in population size can cause extirpation:

A

When breeding birds on the channel island were less than 10, they became extinct.

When there were more than 1000 breeding pairs, no populations went extinct.

69
Q

What is environmental stochastity?

A

Variability in population size due to environmentally caused yearly fluctuations in Sx and Fx probabilities.

70
Q

What is demographic stochastity?

A

Chance events that lead to variability in fluctuation size even if Sx and Fx don’t change from year to year.

71
Q

What is the allee effect?

A

Contrary to logistic growth, when population density decrease, DN/DT (population growth rate) also decreases).

Individuals can find mates or aren’t protected.

72
Q

Why are small populations prone to extinction from variations in population size?

A

There are many threatening genetic factors:

  1. Ability if pop To respond via natural selection is limited.
  2. Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed.
  3. High frequency of inbreeding.
73
Q

Types of species interactions

A

Competition, mutualism, predation, parasitism, herbivory

74
Q

What is competition?

A

Interaction between two individuals both requiring the same limited resource that when used or defended by one individual reduces the survival or reproduction of another individual.

75
Q

What is intraspecifc competition?

A

Competition within a species.

76
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition among individuals of different species.

77
Q

What is a resource? Examples?

A

Something that is consumed and this reduced.

Space, food, O2 deepening on the situation, water

78
Q

When the two diatoms, synedra and asterionella, were grown in competition, ______ drove _____ to extinction. Why?

A

synedra, asterionella.

synedra is used to surviving with lower levels of concentration of silica.

79
Q

In Brown and Davidson’s experiment, the demonstrated aspects competition. What were the results of rodent and ant interaction?

A
  1. Rodents and ants ate the same limiting resource.
  2. Population sizes of both individuals were affected when the other was removed.
  3. Seed densities were reduced to the same level whether the rodent and ants were together or alone
80
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

Range of abiotic and biotic conditions within which individuals of a species can survive, grow, and reproduce.

81
Q

Barnacles. Chthalmus’s fundamental niche is ______ than Blanus’s fund. niche. However, Chthalmus’s realized niche is ______ than Blanus’s, why?

A

greater, smaller.

Chthalmus is desiccation tolerant, so it has a wider range of habitats. Blanus had a lower range of habitats but can out compete Chthalmus.

82
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

Two species cannot coexist indefinitely on the same limiting resource ( substantial niche overlap)

83
Q

What are the possible outcomes of substantial niche overlap?

A

Coexistence

Competitive exclusion

84
Q

Describe tansleys 1917 test of the competitive exclusion principle.

A
  • Spps of Galium do not occur together
  • Spps on native soil becomes the superior competitor
  • Spps of galium can grow on non native soil w/ reduced survival and growth
85
Q

Explain Gause’s lab experiential to test the competitive exclusion principle.

A
  • 3 Spps of paramecium were grown in tubes in a liquid medium with bacteria and yeast cells
  • grown alone—> stable k reached
  • P. Aurelia drove P. Caudatum to extinction b/c they both fed on floating bacteria
  • p. Caudatum and P. Bursaria coexisted—> Bursaria fed on the bottom —> k decreased due to comp.
86
Q

2 spp can partition a limiting resource by specializing on a:

A

Physical attribute
Spatial attribute
Temporal attribute

87
Q

What drives competing species to use different niches?

A

Natural selection

88
Q

Adaptive evolution can result in unique changes in:

A

Morphology
Physiology
Behavior

89
Q

What are 2 examples of morphological differences that arise from adaptive evolution that result in niche partitioning?

A
  • shorebird spp lived in similar habitats and are the similar foods–> AE resulted in different beaks which a allowed partitioning of the niches –> diff spp could specialize in insects at different lengths and insects of different sizes.
  • anoles live in same trees and eat small insects–> AE resulted morphological differences that allowed species to specialize in insects at diff parts of the tree or diff sized insects.
90
Q

Niche partitioning

A

Similar spp can coexist if they share the resources such that their niches no longer completely overlap

91
Q

An example of physiological and behavioral differences due to adaptive eviction that result in resource partitioning.

A

AE resulted in the partitioning of feeding aspects of the tadpoles niches. Adults reproduce in different months which means tadpoles hatch at different times and don’t compete for food.

92
Q

Characters displacement

A

A type of resource partitioning that occurs only where two species ocurr together.

Can be morphological —> finches
Can be behavioral —> chipmunks.

93
Q

What are predators?

A

They catch prey, costume them which Removes them from the population.

94
Q

What is an herbivore?

A

Eats part of living plants

Can be considered a predator if plant is killed.

95
Q

What are parasites?

A

Consume parts of a living prey organism (host) in or which they live

96
Q

Adaptions to prey being larger than the predator

A
  • Predator packs
  • Schools
  • persistence
97
Q

Examples of sit and wait predators

A
  • alligators
  • Venus fly traps
  • hyphae
98
Q

Adaptions to avoid herbivory

A
  • structural defenses
  • production of sticky gums and resins
  • production of toxic compounds
  • —> tannins
  • masting.
99
Q

Masting

A

Production of seeds at irregular intervals—> makes it hard for predators to specialize.

100
Q

Tannins

A

Toxic compound produced to avoid herbivory—> interferes with digestion of all proteins.

101
Q

Adaptions to avoid predation

A
  1. Structural defense
  2. chemical defense
  3. Behavioral defense (swift escape)
  4. Early detection
  5. Seek refuge
  6. Sacrifice of body parts
  7. Appear larger
  8. Expel blood , vomit, urin, or feces.
  9. Feigning death
  10. Startle coloration
  11. Crypsis
102
Q

Aposematic coloration and types.

A

Aposematic (warn)
-warn predators that you are bad tasting or dangerous

  • mullerian mimicracy
  • Batesian mimicry
103
Q

What type of Aposematic coloration is exhibited when noxious species evolve to resemble each other?

A

Mullerian mimicry

British bees (yellow ring circles eyes noxious)

Monarchs

104
Q

What type of Aposematic coloration occurs when a harmless species resembles a noxious species?

A

batesian mimicry

105
Q

Example of when avoiding predators may have consequences.

A

The snails that were quickest to respond to the crabs, were crushed the most rapidly.
—> trade off between a snails physical and behavioral defenses

106
Q

Adaptions to improve predation:

A
  • camouflage
  • speed
  • weapons
  • keen senses

Ecology (1 decks)

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