Test 2

Question 1

Probability

Answer 1

The study of likelihood and uncertainty; the number of ways a particular outcome may occur, divided by the total number of outcomes

Question 2

Hypothesis Testing

Answer 2

The process of determining whether a hypothesis is supported by the results of a research study

Question 3

Multiplication rule

Answer 3

AND. Probability rule stating that the probability of a series of outcomes occurring on successive trials is the product of their individual probabilities & do not impact one another/ (Prob. Event1 x Prob. Event2) Coin toss example: .50x.50=.25 OR boy/girl birthing probability

Question 4

Addition Rule

Answer 4

Prob. of one outcome OR the other outcome occurring on a particular trial is the sum of their individual probabilities. Ex. of probability of having a boy OR a girl would be: p(boy OR girl)= p(girl)+p(boy)=.50+.50=1.00

Question 5

Null Hypothesis

Answer 5

The hypothesis predicting that no difference exists between the groups being compared

Question 6

Alternative Hypothesis/Research Hypothesis

Answer 6

H. that the researcher wants to support, predicting that a significant difference exists between the groups being compared

Question 7

Two-Tailed Hypothesis (non directional hypothesis)

Answer 7

An Alternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts that the groups being compared differ but does not predict the direction of the difference

Question 8

One-Tailed Hypothesis (directional hypothesis)

Answer 8

An Alternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between groups

Question 9

Type I error

Answer 9

An error in hypothesis testing in which the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true

Question 10

Statistical Significance

Answer 10

An observed difference between two descriptive statistics (such as means) that is unlikely to have occurred by chance

Question 11

Single Group Design

Answer 11

A research study in which there is only one group of participants

Question 12

Inferential Statistics

Answer 12

Procedures for drawing conclusions about a population based on data collected from a sample

Question 13

Parametric Test

Answer 13

A statistical test that involves making assumptions about estimates of population characteristics or parameters

Question 14

Nonparametric test

Answer 14

A statistical test that does not involve the use of any population parameters. Population mean or SD are not needed and the underlying distribution does not have to be normal

Question 15

Chi-Square

Answer 15

(Nonparametric) Used to examine how well an observed frequency distribution of a nominal variable fits some expected patter of frequencies/ Nondirectional test/ Ha: The observed data does not fit the expected frequencies for the population/ Ho: The observed data does fit the expected frequencies of the population/ Ex: Pregnant teens in one school in comparison to the population pregnant teen rate

Question 16

Between-Subjects Design

Answer 16

Different subjects are assigned to each group

Question 17

Post-Test only control group design

Answer 17

Dependent variable is measured AFTER the manipulation of the Independent variable.

Question 18

Pretest/posttest control group design

Answer 18

Dependent variable is measured BEFORE and AFTER the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 19

Confound

Answer 19

Uncontrolled, extraneous variable or flaw in experiment

Question 20

Internal validity

Answer 20

Extent to which the result of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some confounding variable

Question 21

History effect (Internal)

Answer 21

Threat in which an outside event that’s not part of a manipulation of the experiment is responsible for the results. (Ex: Study of the effects of a stress reduction program in college over 2m./ Not taking into account the historical point of midterms in the semester might lead you to an erroneous conclusion) /S: Use equivalent control group

Question 22

Maturation effect (Internal)

Answer 22

Naturally occurring changes withing the subjects could be responsible for the effects. (Subjects mature physically, socially, and cognitively during the course of a study) /S: Use equivalent control group

Question 23

Testing effect (Internal)

Answer 23

Threat in which repeated testing leads to better or worse scores./S: Use equivalent control group

Question 24

Regression to the mean (Internal)

Answer 24

Extreme scores, upon retesting, tend to be less extreme and move toward the mean. /S: Use an equivalent group of subjects with extreme scores

Question 25

Diffusion of treatment

Answer 25

Occurs when subjects are in close proximity to one another/ S: Test all subjects at once or as close together in time as possible

Question 26

Z-Test

Answer 26

Parametric test/ Used when population standard deviation is known./ Compares sample mean with population mean/

Question 27

T-Test

Answer 27

Parametric test/ Used when population standard deviation is unknown or sample size is too small/ Used to tell whether sample mean differs significantly from population mean.

Question 28

Central limit theorem

Answer 28

States that as N approaches infinity, the distribution approaches a normal distribution/ Sigma & X bar formula/

Question 29

Experimenter and Subject effect (Internal)

Answer 29

Either the experimenter or subjects consciously or unconsciously affect the results of the study./ S: Use a double-blind or single-blind proceude

Question 30

Floor and Ceiling effects (Internal)

Answer 30

The measuring instrument used is not sensitive enough to detect differences./ S: Ensure that the measuring instrument is reliable and valid before beginning the study / (Example of ceiling: Attempting to weigh elephants on a bathroom scale) (Example of floor: Measuring the weigh of rats in an experiment in pounds rather than ounces or grams)

Question 31

Instrumentation effect (Internal)

Answer 31

Changes in the dependent variable may be due to changes in the measuring device (Ex: Using a human to take measures without proper instruction may lead to fatigue or practice effect)

Question 32

External Validity

Answer 32

Extent to which findings may be generalized in the real world

Question 33

College sophomore problem (External)

Answer 33

Results from using mainly PSY 301 college students

Question 34

Exact replication

Answer 34

Repeating a study using the same means of manipulation and measuring the variables as in the original study

Question 35

Conceptual replication

Answer 35

A study based on another study that uses different methods, a different manipulation, or a different measure

Question 36

Systematic replication

Answer 36

Study that varies from an original study in one systematic way- Ex: using different number of subjects, different setting, or more levels of the independent variable

Question 37

Correlated-Group Design

Answer 37

Experimental design in which the subjects in the experimental and control groups are related in some way

Question 38

Within-Subject Design

Answer 38

Type of correlated-groups design in which the same subjects are used in each condition

Question 39

Order effects

Answer 39

Problem for within-subject designs in which the order of the conditions has an effect on the dependent variable

Question 40

Counterbalancing

Answer 40

Mechanism for controlling order effects either by including all orders of treatment presentation or by randomly determining the order for each subject.

Question 41

Latin square

Answer 41

A counterbalancing technique to control for order effects without using all possible orders

Question 42

Matched-Subjects design

Answer 42

A type of correlated-groups design in which subjects are matched between conditions on variables that the researcher believes to be relevant to the study

Question 43

Point-Biseral

Answer 43

One ordinal/interval, one nominal variable. (Ex:Gender vs. amount of sleep)

Question 44

Phi

Answer 44

Both are nominal/ (Ex:Gender vs. passing or failing a test)