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Anthropology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is “carrying capacity”?

A

The maximum amount of people a society can support given the available resources.

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1
Q

Why is subsistence strategy a basic element of all ethnographic research?

A

“How does a society use culture to adapt to their environments?”

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2
Q

Describe foraging:

A

People do not produce the food, the oldest subsistence strategy, mobile small groups of people, 10% of population 60 and over, 12-19 hr work week.

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3
Q

Describe pastoralism:

A

Grasslands, relies on dairy and meat, military success.

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4
Q

What are the two patterns of movement of pastoralism?

A

Nomadic (entire group moves), and transhumance (part of group stays in village, part with animals).

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5
Q

Describe horticulture:

A

Simple, small scale production of plants, low population, labor (not capital) intensive, slash and burn (swidden). 365 day growing season.

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6
Q

Describe farming (agriculture):

A

Intensive, permanent production of food. Technology.

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8
Q

Give example of foraging society:

A

Pintupi, foraging people in the Gibson Desert of Australia

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9
Q

Give of example pastoralist society:

A

Yaramahzdai, Pastoralists from Baluchistan, the southeastern corner of Iran. Small camps of five-twenty families, trades with sedentary people.

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10
Q

Give example of horticultural society:

A

The Lau’, Horticultural society of northwestern Thailand.

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10
Q

What is intensification and extensification?

A

Intensifying the production of food due to population growth, then expanding the space used.

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11
Q

Give example of agricultural society:

A

Musha, a peasant agriculture village in Egypt

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12
Q

What is the Kula Ring?

A

Pattern of exchange among the Trobriands and other S. Pacific islands, of shell necklaces and bracelets. Value determined in a social, symbolic way.

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13
Q

What is economizing behavior?

A

Choosing a course of action that pursues the course of the perceived maximum benefit.

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14
Q

What is the economy?

A

The part of society that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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15
Q

What is economizing behavior?

A

Choosing a course of action that pursues the course of the perceived maximum benefit.

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16
Q

What are the means of production?

A

Production resources; Used to create other goods or resources, material goods, natural resources or information.

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17
Q

What is a mode of production?

A

The ways that humans collectively produce the means of subsistence in order to survive and enhance living.

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18
Q

what are usufructory rights?

A

The right to use something (like land), but not to sell it or alter it in substantial ways.

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19
Q

What is kin-ordered mode of production?

A

organizes labor along family ties, clan-type structures that pool labor and resources.

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20
Q

what is a tributary mode of production?

A

Focus on paying tax, governments. Asiatic and feudal modes.

21
Q

What is a capitalist mode of production?

A

Goal is to produce wealth, everything is for sale.

22
Q

what is the basic unit of production?

A

A household; group of people sharing labor and resources, isn’t always family-related.

23
Q

What are the three main systems of exchange?

A

Reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange.

24
Q

What are the three types of reciprocity?

A

Generalized, balanced and negative.

25
Q

What is generalized reciprocity?

A

Distribution of goods/services w/no expectation of a return. Kin, close friends, creates moral obligation.

26
Q

What is balanced reciprocity?

A

Exchange of goods/services of nearly equal value, clear obligation to return within a specific time frame. Greater social distance. Kula ring.

27
Q

What is negative reciprocity?

A

Exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage. Unfair, impersonal, unfriendly.

28
Q

What is redistribution?

A

How goods are collected from the whole group and redistributed. Taxes, potlatch (debt creation).

29
Q

What is potlatch?

A

competitive giveaway practiced by groups of the NW coast, accepting the gifts meant accepting what the host proposed. Debt creation.

30
Q

What is a leveling mechanism?

A

Fosters redistribution and reciprocity, seeks to even out the distribution of wealth within a society,

31
Q

What is a cargo system?

A

Common in Central and South America, wealthy people are required to hold series of costly ceremonial offices.

32
Q

What is market exchange?

A

things sold at a price based on supply and demand. social relationships much less important, but good relationship can make repeat customer.

33
Q

Marriage is about:

A

Sexually cohabiting people, parents and children, families of the bride and groom.

34
Q

What are the functions of marriage?

A

Regulates sexual access, organizes labor, takes care of children, expands social group.

35
Q

What are the two rules of marriage?

A

Endogamy (must marry within your group), and exogamy (must marry outside of your group, incest taboo).

36
Q

What are the functions of the incest taboo?

A

avoids harmful traits, prevents disruption in the nuclear family, directs sexual desires outside of family, forces people to expand social community.

37
Q

What rule says that a man must marry his brother’s widow?

A

Livirate

38
Q

What rule says that a woman must marry her sister’s widower?

A

Sororate.

39
Q

Where is monogamy the norm?

A

Europe and North America

40
Q

How much of the world’s societies prefer plural marriage?

A

75%

41
Q

Define “polygamy”

A

More than one spouse

42
Q

Define “polygyny”

A

More than one wife

43
Q

Define “polyandry”

A

more than one husband

44
Q

What is bride wealth?

A

Most common, gifts from groom’s family to bride’s family, must be returned if marriage is ended.

45
Q

What is bride service?

A

Working for the bride’s family, could last up to 15 yrs or birth of 3rd child. 14% of societies.

46
Q

What is dowry?

A

less than 3% of societies, money sent with daughter into the marriage.

47
Q

What is a family?

A

Basic unit of human social organization, people related by blood or marriage.

48
Q

What are the two types of family?

A

Nuclear (based on relationship between spouses and their children, immediate family), and extended (three or more generations, relatives)

49
Q

What is fictive kin?

A

a non-related person that is treated like family.

Anthropology (5 decks)

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