Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharm > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what do cholinomimetic drugs do?

A

mimic the actions of ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do cholinolytic drugs do?

A

antagonize the effects of ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

drugs that act selectively on nicotinic receptors can produce what kind of actions?

A

both SANS and PANS - because the nicotinic receptor mediates neurotransmission in all ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nonspecific cholinomimetics

A

bethanechol (M1-M3)

carbachol (N)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

muscarinic cholinomimets

A

muscarine (M as in mushroom poisonings)

pilocarpine (M»»»N)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nicotinic cholinomimetics

A

nicotine (N only)
lobeline (N only)
varenicline (partial Nn agonist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

indirect acting agonists (AChEIs)

A 
endrophonium
neostigmine
physotigmine
parathion
malathion
sarin
pralidoxime
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nootropics (used to treat AD)

A

donepezil
rivastigmine
galantamine
memantine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is epi released from?

A

adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

are preganglionic fibers myelinated or no?

A

preganglionic - myelinated

post-ganglionic - not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in demyelinating diseases that affect the ANS, the demyelination has a greater effect on SANS or PANS?

A

PANS, because preganglionic fibers of the PANS are longer - leads to increase SANS tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary seat of visceral sensation is what?

A

insular cortex- with lateralization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

visceral sensation coming up PANS afferents is generally to which side of the insular cortex?

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

visceral sensation coming up SANS afferents is generally to which side of the insular cortex?

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structures that are not dually innervated

A

islet cells of pancreas (SANS only)

blood vessels (SANS only) - but they do have some ACh receptors on them

Adrenal medulla (SANS only)

spleen (SANS only)

sweat glands (SANS only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is vaso-vagal syndrome due to?

A

increased PANS outflow (primarily vagus) and reduced SANS activity initiated from CNS “triggers” that produce lightheadedness, feelings of mailase, being hot or cold, sweating, stuttering. in many cases, this prodrome proceeds to fainting. increased vagal tone reduces heart rate. this syndrome epitomizes the notion that there is no single PANS or SANS center, but rather a distributed networks of CNS sites that produce patterned responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dysautonomia or autonomic dysfunction

A

catch-all term that describes a variety of syndroms associated with dysfunction of the ANS

postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrom
inappropriate sinus tachycardia
vaso-vagal syncope
orthostatic hypotension/hypertension

commonly seen in DM, MSA, guillain-barre syndrome

symptoms are often “body-wide” and include excessive fatigue, excessive thirst, panic attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

multi system atrophy (MSA)

A

degenerative neurological disorder which is associated with the degeneration of nerve cells in specific areas of the brain

causes problems with movement, balance, and autonomic functions of the body such as bladder control or BP regulation

often accompanied by dysautonomia sometimes referred to as Shy-Drager Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Shy-Drager Syndrome

A

dysautonomia that includes postural or orthostatic hypotension, resulting in dizziness or fainting upon standing up, urinary incontinence or retention, impotence, constipation, dry mouth and skin

due to degeneration within the CNS resulting in poor integration of CNS autonomic efferent regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are responsible for 99% of the small molecule neurotransmission within the ANS

A

NE and ACh

21
Q

5 things about small neurotransmitters

A

synthesized at the site of release

have small molecular weights (

22
Q

5 things about large neurotransmitters

A

synthesized in the nucleus and anterogradely transported to the terminal

large molecular weight proteins (> 1000)

are biotransformed by non-specific enterases

are not taken back up

act through specific transmembrane receptors

23
Q

what does nitric oxide do?

A

dilates blood vessels
reduces platelet stickiness
reduces monocyte stickiness(prevents formation of plaque)
reduces release of superoxide radicals
reduces multiplication of smooth muscle cells of artery wall
reduces oxidation of LDL cholesterol(major plaque component)

24
Q

4 things about gas neurotransmitters (NO)

A

synthesized at sight of action
simply diffuse away for termination of action
act through intracellular receptors (eg guanylate cyclase) after diffusing into target cells
NO can retrogradely diffuse back across the synapse to presynaptic side and increase future release of neurotransmitter as occurs in long-term potentiation (LTP)

25
Q

what is ACh synthesized by?

A

choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) from choline and acetyl Co-A

26
Q

what is ACh synthesis inhibited by?

A

methyl mercury compounds

27
Q

dopamine role in ANS function

A

induces renal vasodilation while enhancing inotropy. good for severe blood loss and treatment of shock

28
Q

non-specific cholinomimetics

A

bethanechol

carbachol

29
Q

muscarinic cholinomimetics

A

muscarine

pilocarpine

30
Q

nicotinic cholinomimetics

A

nicotine
lobeline
varenicline
succinylcholine

31
Q

indirect-acting agonists (AchEIs)

A 
endrophonium
neostigmine
physostigmine
parathion
malathion
sarin
pralidoxime
32
Q

nootropics (Treat AD)

A

donepezil
rivastigmine
galantamine
memantine

33
Q

Muscarinic Antagonists

A 
Atropine
Scopolamine
Ipratropium Bromide
Tropicamide
Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
34
Q

NMJ blockers

A 
Atracurium
Pancuronium
Rocuronium
Succinylcholine
Trimethaphan
35
Q

Adrenergic Agonists

A

Epinephrine

Dopamine

36
Q

alpha-1 selective drugs

A

phenylephrine

37
Q

alpha-2-selective drugs

A

clonidine

38
Q

Beta non-selective drugs

A

Isoproterenol

39
Q

Beta-1 selective drugs

A

dobutamine

40
Q

beta-2 selective drugs

A

Albuterol
Terbutaline
Salmeterol
Formoterol

41
Q

indirect NE agonists

A 
Amphetamine
Methamphetamine
Pseudoephedrine
Methylphenidate
Atomoxetine
42
Q

Non-specific Alpha antagonists

A

Phenoxybenzamine

Phentolamine

43
Q

Alpha-1 Selective antagonists

A

Prazosin

Tamsulosin

44
Q

Alpha-2 Selective antagonists

A

Yohimbine

45
Q

Non-Specific Beta antagonists

A 
Propranolol
Nadolol
Pindolol
Sotalol
Carvedilol
Timolol
46
Q

Selective beta-1 antagonists

A

Metoprolol
Atenolol
Esmolol

47
Q

NE depleting agents

A

Guanethidine

Reserpine

48
Q

what are cholinomimetics primarly used for?

A

management of glaucoma, GI, and bladder dysfunction, treatmnet of MG, treatment of mild Alzheimer’s disease and in surgery to produce muscle relaxation

49
Q

what is an example of a NANC receptor action (non/adrenergic/non-cholinergic heteroceptors)

A

the action of nicotine or lebeline on DA terminals

pharm (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions