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ecology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Heterotroph

A

organisms that can’t make their own food or energy

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2
Q

autotroph

A

organisms that can make their own energy

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3
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which energy from PAR is converted to sugars

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4
Q

light reactions

A

process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

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5
Q

dark reactions

A

aka the Calvin Benson Cycle. It uses ATP and NADPH to make sugars and regenerate Rubisco

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6
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of cells or skin which help keep water in

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7
Q

mesophyll

A

where photosynthesis occurs, it is green because it has chlorophyll

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8
Q

stomata

A

modified epidermis cells that allow gas exchange

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9
Q

vascular bundle

A

helps transfer nutrients and water

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10
Q

xylem

A

transports water (a vascular bundle)

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11
Q

phloem

A

transports nutrients (a vascular bundle)

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12
Q

bundle sheath cells

A

a layer of cells in plant leaves and stems that forms a sheath surrounding the vascular bundle

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13
Q

transpiration

A

the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere

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14
Q

RuBisCO

A

the enzyme that drives photosynthesis

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15
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

it is the breaking down of glucose to harvest energy (ATP)

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16
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

A

respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors

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17
Q

C3 pathway

A

trade off between carbon dioxide and water

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18
Q

C4 pathway

A

the alternative pathway of the calvin cycle (C3 cycle) taking place during the dark phase of photosynthesis

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19
Q

CAM pathway

A

the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect CO2

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20
Q

light compensation point

A

light level where photosynthesis rate equals respiration rate

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21
Q

light saturation point

A

at a particular light intensity, the rate of oxygen evolution levels off any further increase in the amount of light striking the leaf; does not cause an increase in the rate of photosynthesis

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22
Q

temperature effects on photosynthesis

A 
low temp (50-68F): enzymes don't work effeciently 
medium (68F): enzymes work optimally 
high temp (104 F): enzymes are denatured and photosynthetic rates decline rapidly
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23
Q

water use efficiency

A

the ratio of water used in plant metabolism to water lost by the plant through transpiration

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24
Q

net photosynthesis

A

the photosynthesis in excess of the respiratory demand

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25
Q

carbon balance

A

balance between uptake of CO2 in photosynthesis and the release in respiration

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26
Q

shade tolerance

A

ability of a plant to maintain positive carbon balance in low light conditions

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27
Q

scaling

A

the process by which most morphological and physiological features change as a function of body size in a particular way

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28
Q

body size constraints and tradeoffs

A

the relationship between surface area and volume is a constraint because it affects oxygen flow, body heat, and metabolic processes.

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29
Q

ectothermy

A

organisms are restricted by size, the larger ectotherms have to live in warm environments

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30
Q

herbivore

A

an animal that feeds on plants

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31
Q

homeostasis

A

relatively constant internal environment despite a varying external environment

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32
Q

feedback loop

A

property of the control system to use its output as part of its input

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33
Q

endothermy

A

internal heat production

34
Q

ectothermy

A

obtain heat from sources outside of the body

35
Q

homeothermy

A

organism that use endothermy to regulate body temperature

36
Q

heterothermy

A

organisms that use endothermy AND ectothermy to regulate body temp

37
Q

countercurrent heat exchange

A

physical arrangement of arteries and veins to allow transfer of heat

38
Q

Bergman’s rule

A

animals tend to have larger body sizes at higher latitude

39
Q

Allen’s rule

A

shorter limbs or appendages in colder environment

40
Q

energetic equivalence rule

A

energy used by a population does not vary with organisms size

41
Q

life history

A

growth, development, and reproduction of a species

42
Q

parthenogenesis

A

reproduction from an ovum without fertilization

43
Q

monogamy

A

lasting pair bond between a male and a female

44
Q

polygamy

A

acquisition of two or more mates by one individual

45
Q

polygyny

A

male pairs with two or more females

46
Q

polyandry

A

female have more than one male

47
Q

promiscuity

A

males and females without forming pair bonds

48
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

an individual may possess fully functioning male and female reproductive organs

49
Q

sequential hermaphrodite

A

occur in species in which the individual is born as one sex, but can later change into the opposite sex

50
Q

intrasexual selection

A

selection based on competition within one sex for the opportunity to mate

51
Q

intersexual selection

A

differential attractiveness of individuals of one sex of the other sex (mate choice)

52
Q

sperm competition

A

competition among sperm from more than one male to fertilize the eggs of one female

53
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species

54
Q

leks

A

a communal area where two or more males perform courtship displays

55
Q

Iteroparous

A

organisms that have multiple reproductive events over a lifetime

56
Q

semelparous

A

organisms that have a single reproductive event over a lifetime

57
Q

fecundity

A

the state of being fertile

58
Q

exponential population growth

A

instantaneous rate of population growth, expressed as proportional increase per unit of time

59
Q

logistic growth

A

occurs when the growth rate decreases as the population reaches carrying capacity

60
Q

intrinsic rate of increase

A

the rate at which population increases in size if there are no density dependent forces regulating the population

61
Q

carrying capacity

A

death and birth rates are at equilibrium

62
Q

life table

A

an age specific account of mortality

63
Q

cohort

A

a group of individuals born in the same period of time

64
Q

cohort life table

A

follow a group of individuals born in the same period of time

65
Q

time specific life table

A

age distribution data from a cross section of the population at a particular time

66
Q

net reproductive rate

A

the average number of females that will be produced by a female over her lifetime

67
Q

generation time

A

the average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages of a population

68
Q

survivorship curve

A

relationship between the probability of mortality and ages

69
Q

stable age distribution

A

proportion of individuals in each age class does not change over time

70
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

random change in birth and death rates

71
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

random environmental influences of birth and death rates

72
Q

density dependence

A

regulation of population growth by mechanisms controlled by the size of the population

73
Q

density dependent mortality

A

increase in mortality rate with increase in population size

74
Q

density dependent fecundity

A

decline in fecundity rate with increase in population size

75
Q

density dependent growth

A

an inverse relationship between population density and individual growth

76
Q

density independence

A

an effect that does not change with population size

77
Q

intraspecific competition

A

selection based on competition with one sex for the opportunity to mate (size matters)

78
Q

scramble

A

competition for a resource that is equally partitioned

79
Q

contest

A

resource is partitioned unequal. clear winners and loser, more stable

80
Q

exploitation

A

competition for a resource and don’t interact directly

81
Q

interference

A

competition in which access to a resource is limited by a competitor

ecology (2 decks)

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