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test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

fractures of the orbit can cause intraorbital bleeding. the pressure causes protrusion of the eyeball

A

exophthalmos

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2
Q

paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris, causes superior eyelid to droop (ptosis)

A

lesion of CN III

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3
Q

where can a Tumor in middle cranial fossa travel?

A

Enter orbital cavity through superior orbital fissure

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4
Q

damage to CN VII

A

paralysis of orbicularis oculi

prevents eyelids from closing fully

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5
Q

Ducts of ciliary glands become obstructed

A

red pus producing sty on eyelid

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6
Q

Chalazia

A

cyst of sebaceous glands of the eyelids

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7
Q

seepage of fluid b/w neural and pigmented layers of retina

A

detached retinal

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8
Q

how does a detached retina effect vision

A

Straight lines will look wavy/crooked

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9
Q

Increase in Cerebral Spinal Fluid slows venous return from the retina and causes edema of retina

A

Papilledema

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10
Q

lenses become harder and flatter with age

A

presbyopia

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11
Q

cataracts

A

cloudiness/loss of transparency of lens from areas of opaqueness

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12
Q

Outflow of aqueous humor slower than aqueous is produced causing retinal compression

A

glaucoma

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13
Q

Sensory damage to CN V1

A

loss of sensory feeling can damage corneal damage eventually needing transplant

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14
Q

no corneal reflex are indicative of lesions on which CN?

A

lesion of CN V1 and CN VII

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15
Q

Sign of compression of the CN III

A

ipsilateral slowness of the pupillary light reflex

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16
Q

Eyelid can not be raised
Pupil dilated and nonreactive due to unopposed dilator pupillae
Down and out (abducted and depressed) due to unopposed LR6 SO4

A

symptoms of Oculomotor Nerve Palsy

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17
Q

Anesthetizes auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual, and buccal branches of mandibular nerve

A

Mandibular nerve block

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18
Q

All mandibular teeth are anesthetized, skin and mucous of lower lip, labial alveolar mucosa and gingiva and skin of chin as well since they are supplied by mental branch of this nerve

A

Inferior alveolar nerve block

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19
Q

head of mandible can dislocate anteriorly by passing anterior to the articular tubercles now unable to close mouth

A

Dislocation of Temporomandibular Joint

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20
Q

Malignant tumors of the posterior part of the tongue metastasize which lymph nodes

A

superior deep cervical lymph nodes

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21
Q

paralysis of this muscle causes complete relaxation of the tongue causing posterior shift which can cause suffocation

A

Paralysis of Genioglossus

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22
Q

Trauma to the hypoglossal nerve results in

A

paralysis and atrophy of one side of the tongue. Protrusion of the tongue will fall to paralyzed side.

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23
Q

Nerves involved in Gag Reflex

A

CN 9 (afferent and muscle) CN 10 (muscle contraction)

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24
Q

Epistaxis (nosebleed)

A

most cases due to trauma
comes from anterior third of nose (Kiesselbach)
are also associated with infections and hypertension

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25
Deviation of nasal septum
may result from birth injury, or trauma during adolescence and adulthood - in severe cases, the nasal septum contacts the lateral wall of nasal cavity - obstructs breathing, exacerbates snoring * corrected by surgery
26
Rhinitis
nasal mucosa is swollen and inflamed in severe upper resp. infections & allergic reactions
27
wryneck
Congenital torticollis, fibrous tissue tumor forms on SCM before or after birth
28
Muscular torticollis
head pull during birth tears fibers in SCM forming a hematoma fibrous mass that forms traps CN XI denervation of the SCM
29
adulthood, abnormal tonicity, most commonly involves the SCM and trapezius
Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia
30
Central line placement
R/L subclavian vein
31
External Jugular Vein
Internal Barometer, Protrusion of EJV signals heart Failure (Right EJV), distension, or obstruction of SVC, enlarged supraclavicular LN, or increased intrathoratic pressure.
32
Uncommon, drooping of shoulder, unable to elevate the shoulder
Lesions of CN XI Accessory nerve
33
Severance of the Phrenic nerve results in
paralysis of corresponding half of diaphragm. A nerve block in lung operation, trauma, surgery will cause temporary paralysis. Used in treatment of hiccups
34
anesthetic is injected on posterior edge of SCM for surgical procedures of neck or upper limb
Cervical plexus block
35
For anesthesia of upper limb inserted superior to midpoint of clavicle
Supraclavicular brachial plexus block
36
External Carotid artery ligation
Control bleeding from an inaccessible branch | Descending occipital artery provides main collateral circulation and joins vertebral and deep cervical arteries.
37
Thickening of intima of internal carotid artery
Atherosclerosis of the artery resulting in stenosis and decreased blood flow. This can cause TIA or stroke
38
carotid endarterectomy
removes the plaque relieving the stenosis
39
What nerves can be injured during surgery of the internal carotid artery
CN- IX, X (OR SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL), XI, XII
40
Internal jugular artery
pulsation visible in Trendelenburg position
41
Increased internal jugular pulse is caused by
mitral valve disease which increases pressure in the right side of the heart and pulmonary circulation
42
relieves vascular spasm of brain and upper limb, surgery for patient with excessive vasoconstriction of ipsilateral limb
Cervico-thoracic ganglion block
43
Horner syndrome
(lesion of the cervical sympathetic trunk)
44
Horner syndrome symptoms
• Results in Pupillary constriction • Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid) • Enophthalmos (sinking in of eyeball) vasodilation and anhidrosis- absence of sweating on face and neck, caused by lack of sympathetic nerve supply to blood vessels and sweat glands
45
vasodilation and anhidrosis- absence of sweating on face and neck, caused by
lack of sympathetic nerve supply to blood vessels and sweat glands
46
Tetany
is a sever convulsive disorder that occurs when the parathyroid is accidentally removed during surgery.
47
treatment for Tetany
Needs calcium replacement
48
Subtotal thyroidectomy
most posterior part of thyroid is preserved. usually prevents removal of parathyroid
49
paralysis of vocal fold causing no adduction for phonation, or abduction for increased respiration causing stridor ( high pitch noisy respiration)
Inferior laryngeal nerve injury
50
monotonous voice
injury to superior laryngeal nerve
51
Fractures of laryngeal skeleton
sub mucous hemorrhage, edema, respiratory obstruction, hoarseness, no speech
52
foreign body aspiration
trapped superior to vestibular folds, rima glottidis close, no air in, asphyxiation in 5 min if no intervention
53
tracheostomy
Upper airway obstruction, respiratory failure | 1-2 or 2-4 tracheal rings, transverse incision
54
Radical neck dissection
1. Usually done to remove cancer 2. deep cervical lymph nodes and tissue removed 3. cervical sentinel lymph nodes are often enlarged as first clue to cancer 4. cutaneous branches of cervical plexus removed
55
Adenoiditis
1. Inflammation of pharyngeal tonsils Causes obstruction of airways, nasal obstruction, hearing due to blockage of pharyngotympanic membrane, also infection can spread to middle ear- otitis media
56
Tonsillectomy
removal of palantine tonsil | Surgeon needs to be careful of bleeding due to location of CN IX, internal carotid artery. and external palantine vein
57
Zones of Penetrating Trauma
Zone 1,2,3. Zones 1 and 3 have increased risk of mortality, zone 2 easier to treat.
58
Zone 1
Clavicles and manubrium to inferior cricoid cartilage
59
zone 2
Cricoid cartilage to angle of mandible
60
zone 3
angle of mandible up to top of head
61
Emmetropia
Normal eyesight. Far images are in focus without lens accommodation. (relaxed ciliary muscles) Near images are in focus with lens accommodation (flexed ciliary muscles)
62
myopia
Near sighted Far images are in front of retina without accommodation (looks blurry) Near images are in focus without accommodation Need concave lens to focus far image on retina Eyeball long or lens is too strong
63
hyperopia
Far sighted Far images are focused on retina with accommodation Near images are blurring with accommodation (focused behind retina) Need convex lenses to focus near image Eyeball is short or weak lens
64
Diplopia, treatment and causes
double vision 1st they put a prism onto of the lens step. After adapted they will merge the prism with the glass usually caused by unsynchronized muscle contraction
65
astygmatism
Misshapen lens causes multiple focal points for light measured in degrees blurry vision
66
Ethmoidal Cells Infection
infection can cause fracture to the fragile medial wall of the orbit close to optic canal causing blindness optic neuritis inflammation of optic nerve
67
Pansinitus
Multiple sinuses are inflamed due to infection
68
Most commonly infected sinus due to small ostia
Maxillary sinus
69
Causes of blockage to maxillary ostia
mucous membrane congestion high location on medial wall makes it impossible to drain until full Medially located ostia requires rolling to opposite side to drain Close to molars, concern during teeth extraction
70
Acute otitis externa
inflammation of external acoustic meatus due to bacterial infection causes itching and pain, which increases by pulling on tragus commonly called swimmers ear
71
Otitis Media
earache, bulging tympanic membrane due to pus or fluid in middle ear. Leads to blockage of pharyngotympanic tube Ear popping Amber colored blood fluid Lead to scaring of auditory vesicles
72
Myringotomy
incision to release pus from middle ear abscess | incision is made postero-inferiorly through the tympanic membrane because the superior is so vascularized
73
Tympano Stome/ Pressure equalization (PE) tube
enables drainage and equalizes pressure from chronic middle ear infections

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