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Psych 1 > Test 2: Ch5 > Flashcards

Test 2: Ch5 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A
  • a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind
    • Belle Riskin experienced anesthesia awareness
      • conscious, but couldn’t tell anyone
      • tells us its impossible to experience another person’s consciousness
  • defining feature of consciousness isn’t being awake, but experience(what you have when awake or vivid dream)
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2
Q

phenomenology

A
  • how things seem to the conscious person
    • psychologists use understanding of mind and behavior to answer
      • brings up the problem of other minds and the mind-body problem
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3
Q

problem of other minds

A
  • the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
    • consciousness meter(sensors on head) only predicts whether patients will say they were conscious
  • researchers conducted a large online survey and asked peopple to compare minds of 13 diff targets on the 18 diff mental capacities(pain, pleasure, hunger, consciousness)
    • two dimensions of mind perception:
      • people judge minds according to capacity for experience(ability to feel pain…)
      • capacity for agency(ability to self-control, plan, memory, thought)
    • tells us perception of minds involves more than just whether something has a mind
      • minds both have experiences and lead us to perform actions
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4
Q

mind-body problem

A
  • the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body
  • Rene Descartes(1596-1650) proposed that the human body is a machien made of physical matter but that the human mind/soul is a separate entity made of a “thinking substance”
    • mind has its effects on the brain+body through pineal gland(located in center brain)
      • actually, “the mind is what the brain does” (connected everywhere, not just pineal)
  • Benjamin Libet’s Study: suggests the brain’s activities precede the activities of the conscious mind
    • electrical activity in the brain measured using sensors as they decided when to move a hand
    • indicated when they they consciously chose to move by reporting position of a dot moving around face of a clock when they decide
      • brain began to show electrical activity around half a second before voluntary action
        • makes sense: brain activity seems to b necessary to get action started
        • these experiments suggest that your brain gets started before either the thinking or the doing, preparing for thought and action
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5
Q

Four Basic Properties of Consciousness

A
  1. Intentionality
    1. the quality of being directed toward an object
  2. Unity
    1. resistance to division/ability to integrate info from ll of the body’s senses into one coherent whole
  3. Selectivity
    1. the capacity to include some objects but not others
    2. dichotic listening
  4. transience
    1. tendency to change
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6
Q

First Basic Property of Consciousness:

Intentionality

A
  • quality of being directed toward an object
  • consciousness is always about something
  • psychologists examine the size and duration of relationship btwn consciousness and its objects
    • conscious attention is limited
    • despite all the detail in your mind’s eye(5 senses), the object of your consciousness is a small part of this
      • to describe this limitation, other 3 properties are used
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7
Q

Second Basic Property of Consciousness:

Unity

A
  • resistance to division
  • the ability to integrate information from all of the body’s senses into one coherent whole
    • brain takes in all senses and integrates into one unified consciousness(or two in case of split-brain patients)
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8
Q

Third Basic Property of Consciousness:

Selectivity

A
  • the capacity to include some objects, but not others
  • while finding unity, brain must decide what to include and exclude
    • shown through dichotic listening
      • Ppl hear diff messages in each ear thru headphones
      • participants hardly noticed second message, even when it switched from Eng to german
        • consciousness filter OUT
      • did notice when switch from man to woman
        • consciousness TUNES IN
  • cocktail-party phenomenon
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9
Q

cocktail-party phenomenon

A
  • people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby
    • conscious system is most inclined to select info of special interest to the person
      • in dichotic listening, ppl are more likely to notice if their name is heard by unattended ear(Moray, 1959)
    • even during sleep, ppl are more sensitive to their own names than others
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10
Q

FourthBasic Property of Consciousness:

Transience

A
  • tendency to change
  • William James(1890): “Consciousness . . . does not appear to itself chopped up in bits. Such words as ‘chain’ or ‘train’ do not describe it. . . . It is nothing jointed; it flows. A ‘river’ or a ‘stream’ are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described”
  • Stream of consciousness(James Joyce’s Ulysses)
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11
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A
  • involve diff qualities of awareness of the world and of the self, not a matter of degree of brain activity
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12
Q

minimal consciousness

A
  • a low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior(David Armstrong 1980)
    • EX: when you sense sun coming in window, you look
    • you turn over when someone pokes u in sleep
    • animals or plants may have this but b/c provlem of other minds and inability of them to talk to us we cant know
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13
Q

full consciousness

A
  • consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state while you are experiencing the mental state itself
    • adds awareness to minimal consciousness
  • Subtle distinction: you rub your broken leg b/c it hurts(minimal c), when you realize it hurts(fully c)
  • When we forget 15 mins of driving(minimally c, not unconscious)
  • Full consciousness involves thinking about the fact that you are thinking about things(Julian Jaynes 1976)
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14
Q

self-consciousness

A
  • a distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object(William James 1890 and Charlie Morin 2006)
  • focuses on the self to the exclusion of almost everything else
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15
Q

Experience-sampling technique

A
  • a more systematic approach to asking ppl whats on their mind
  • ppl are asked to report their conscious experiences at particular times
    • Ex: using calls on cell phones told to record(Bolger, Davis, and Rafaeli 2003)
  • shows that consciousness is dominated by the immediate environment~senses are forefront to mind
    • Ex: Goetzman, Hughes, Klinger, 1994: college students report current concerns
  • Findings:
    • ppl scored lowest on pos effect on commuting
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16
Q

Daydreaming

A
  • observe using fMRI(Mason 2007)
    • revealed network becomes activated when ppl work on mentala tasks they knew well and could daydream during
  • default network(Gusnard and Raichle 2001): when ppl are not busy they still show a pattern of activation in brain
    • they think ab social life, the self, past and future(Mitchell 2006)
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17
Q

mental control

A
  • the attempt to change conscious states of mind
    • EX: someone troubled by recurring worry ab future chooses not to think ab it bc it causes anxiety
    • whenever this thought comes to mind, person engages in thought suppression
      • ​conscious avoidance of a thought
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18
Q

Fyodor Dostoyevsky(1863/1988)

A
  • If i tell you not to think about white bears you won’t
    • If you consciously suppress it, you won’t see any white bears
    • Once your mind wanders, a flood of white bears will appear
  • Conclusion: thought suppression is not a good technique for suppressing the subconscious
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19
Q

rebound effect of thought suppression

A
  • the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
    • when you repress, thoughts come back
  • ppl who are distracted when trying to get in a good mood become sad and ppl who are distracted while relaxing become anxious
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20
Q

ironic processes of mental control

A
  • mental processes that can produce ironic errors b/c monitoring for errors can itself produce them(Wegner 1994,2009)
    • ppl who are distracted when trying to get in a good mood become sad and ppl who are distracted while relaxing become anxious
    • white bear
  • NOT present in consciousness
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21
Q

dynamic unconscious

A
  • an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces(Freud)
    • might contain hidden sexual thoughts ab one’s parents
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22
Q

repression

A
  • a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unoconscious
    • Freudian slips: evidence of the unconscious mind in speech errors
      • forget name of ur enemy
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23
Q

cognitive unconscious

A
  • all the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person
    • aka a factory that builds the products of conscious thought and behavior(KIhlstrom 1987 Wilson 2002)
24
Q

subliminal perception

A
  • thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
    • EX: James Vicary’s “eat popcorn” “drink coke” flashing on screen during movies
      • hoax, but ppl are still concerned ab subliminal persuasion
      • however, unconscious factors CAN influence behavior
        • EX: John Bargh 1996 made college make sentences out of words associated with aging(Florida, gray, wrinkled) and after they didn’t notice trend. Those who saw aging words walked more slowly down hall
25
Q

When the unconsious mind > conscious mind

A
  • Dijksterhuis 2004
    • participants choose roomate, one clearly better
    • given 4 mins to make conscious decision and second group made immediate decision, third group (un.c.) got 4 mins but were occupied doing anagrams
      • unconscious chose better than conscious, better than immediate
26
Q

altered state of consciousness

A
  • a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
    • accompanied by changes in thinking, loss of control, change in emotions, loss of sense of time(Ludwig 1966)
  • Dream consciousness involves this transformation of experience so radical it is considered an altered state os consciousness
27
Q

circadian rhythm

A
  • a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle
  • circa(about) dies(day)
  • EEG(electroencephalograph)records brain during sleep(Berger 1929)
    • revealed a refular pattern of changes in electrical activity of brain during circadian cycle
    • during waking, these changes involve alternation between high-frequency activity (beta waves) during alertness and lower-frequency activity (alpha waves) during relaxation.
28
Q

hypnagogic state

A
  • presleep consciousness(wandering thoughts and images as you drift off)
  • hypnic jerk: sudden quiver or sensation of dropping
  • hypnopompic state: postsleep consciousness right before you wake
29
Q

electrooculograph(EOG)

A

an instrument that measures eye movements

found that sleepers wakened during REM report having dreams much more often than those wakened during non-REM periods(Aserinsky, Dement, and Kleitman 1953)

30
Q

How much sleep do we need?

A
  • Dement 1999
  • Newborns: 6-8 times in 24 hours (>16 hours)
  • 9-18m/o: sleep thought night
  • 6y/o: 11-12 hours
  • adults: 7-7.5 hours
  • With aging, ppl get along with even less sleep than that
  • Could slepe be shortened?
    • Robert Stickgold(2000) says no
      • sleep following learning is essential for memory
31
Q

insomnia

A
  • difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
    • most common sleep disorder
    • sleep pills suck bc u become dependent and need more and also reduce amount of REM sleep
32
Q

sleep apnea

A
  • a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
  • can cause sleep loss and insomnia if frequent
33
Q

Somnambulism

A
  • sleepwalking
  • a person arises and walks around while asleep
  • you CAN wake them but prob should just wait
34
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
  • involves intrusion of a dreaming state of sleep (w/ REM) into waking
35
Q

Sleep paralysis

A
  • the experience of waking up unable to move
  • when waking from REM before regaining motor control
36
Q

night terrors

A
  • abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
37
Q

5 characteristics that distinguish dream consciousness from waking state

A
  1. intense emotion
  2. illogical thought
  3. fully formed and meaningful sensation
  4. uncritical acceptance of bizarre events
  5. difficulty remembering dreams

however, we often dream about mundane topics

38
Q

Dream theory

A
  • Freud(1900/1965)
    • dreams are confusing and obscure because the dynamic unconscious creates them precisely to be confusing and obscure
    • dreams represent wishes(even unacceptable ones)
    • most unacceptable wishes are sexual
      • manifest content(a dream’s apparent topic/superficial meaning) is a smoke screen for its latent content(a dream’s true underlying meaning)
39
Q

activation-synthesis model

A
  • the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
    • Freudian theory and activation-synthesis theory differ in significance placed on dreams
      • Freud: dreams begin with meaning
      • a-s theory: dreams begin randomly, but meaning can be reach
        • we dont know which is right
40
Q

psychoactive drugs

A
  • chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system
  • increase activity of a nuerotransmitter(the agonists) or decreasing its activity(the antagonists)
    • most common: serotonin, dopamine, GABA, acetylcholine
  • EX: Bozarth and Wise 1985: rats get cocaine when pushing a lever. they continued to administer at higher rate, even binging to the point of convulsions over 1 month
    • 90% of rats died by the end
41
Q

drug tolerance

A
  • tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to achieve the same effect
    • prompted by withdrawal symptoms
    • can create emotional reliance, psychological dependence
      • drug addiction reveals a human frailty: our inabiltiy to look past the immediate consequences of our behavior to see and appreciate the long-term consequences
      • EX: choice of receiving $1 today or $2 a week later, most people will take the $1 today. However, if the same choice is to be made for some date a year in the future (when the immediate pleasure of today’s windfall is not so strong), people choose to wait and get the $2 (Ainslie, 2001).
42
Q

depressants

A
  • substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system
    • alcohol, barbiturates, toxic inhalants(glue/gasoline)
43
Q

expectancy theory

A
  • the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations(Marlatt and Rohsenow 1980)
    *
44
Q

balanced placebo design

A
  • a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absense of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absense of a placebo stimulus
    • used to test expectancy theory
    • participants are given drinks w/ alc or placebo drinks, some are led to believe it is alcohol and others aren’t
    • the belief that you are drunk is as strong as actually being drunk(Goldman, Brown, and Christiansen 1987)
45
Q

alcohol myopia

A
  • alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations(Steele and Josephs 1990)
    • alcohol impairs fair judgment
    • ppl using alcohol go to extremes(Cooper 2006)
46
Q

stimulants

A
  • substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels
    • caffeine, nicotine, coke, ecstasy
  • produce physical and psychological dependency
47
Q

Narcotics/opiates

A
  • highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
  • produce tolerance and dependence
  • needles = danger
48
Q

hallucinogens

A
  • drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations
    • most extreme alterations of consciousness
    • LSD, PCP, ketamine, shrooms, peyote
49
Q

marijuana/cannabis

A
  • a plant whose leaves and buds contain a psychoactive drug called terahydrocannabinol(THC)
  • mildly hallucinogenic
  • anandamide(a neurotransmitter) activates receptors in brain
  • not addictive, pyschological, NOT physical dependence
50
Q

gateway drug

A
  • a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs
  • alc, tobacco, weed
  • Degenhardt 2010: early-onset drug use in general inc risk of later drug probs(type of drug doesn’t matter)
51
Q

harm reduction approach

A
  • a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people’s lives(Fields 2009)
    • providing clean syringes, providing drugs for addicts to avoid impure drugs/lacing
52
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • a social interaction in which the hypnotist makes suggestions that lead to a change in the subjext’s subjective experience of the world(Kirsch 2011)
  • ppl expect that certain things will happen outside of their conscious will(Wegner 2002)
53
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A
  • the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
  • only memories lost thru hypnosis can b retrieved thru it
  • Paul Ingram (sheriff deputy) accused of sexual abus by high daughters in the 1980s was asked to relax and imagine having committed the crimes
    • confessed to horrendous acts of “satanic ritual abuse”
    • Rich Ofshe used same technique with diff crimes and Ingram still confessed
    • once someone confesses, its difficult to convince others memory was false(Loftus and Ketchum 1994)
54
Q

hypnotic analgesia

A
  • the reduction of pain through hypnosis in ppl who are susceptible to hypnosis
55
Q

Stroop task

A
  • name colors of words
  • sometimes word green is printed in red
  • this effect is present no matter how hard we try
  • simply suggesting to highly suggestible people that they should respond to all words the same has the same effect as hypnosis (Lifshitz, 2013)
    • ppl who can eliminate stroop effect under this suggestion have decreased activity in anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)(involved in conflict monitoring)

Psych 1 (11 decks)

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