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A&P 2 > Test #2 Questions- Cardiology > Flashcards

Test #2 Questions- Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

Build up of Bilirubin in the blood

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2
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

A

Make sure blood only flow 1 way, and not back through

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3
Q

What part of the EKG Wave, do you hear the first heart beat?

A

QRS Complex - AV nodes fire
- Tricuspid and Bicuspid/Mitral Valves slam shut, making 1st heart beat sound

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4
Q

What part on the EKG Wave, do you hear the 2nd heart sound?

A

T Wave
- Semilunar Valves slam Shut, making 2nd heart beat

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5
Q

What happens in the PWave on an EKG?

A

SA mode fires ( in right atrium)
- both artria contact/depolarize/systole

  • AV Node delays the impulse
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6
Q

What ensures Cardiac Plateau ?

A

Calcium

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7
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Bottom (Low) Pressure
- Chamber can be Relaxing, Repolarizing, or in Diastole

  • occurs when the heart muscle relaxes, & chambers fill with blood
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8
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

High
Chambers can be contracting, depolarizing, systole

  • Occurs when the ventricles contact
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9
Q

What determines cardiac output?

A

Cardiac Output (CO) =
Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

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10
Q

Venous Return?

A

The amount of blood coming back into the right atrium

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11
Q

Heart Rate has 2 Main Control Mechanisms, what is the first one?

A

1) Atrial Reflex
- increase venous return stretched the right atrium
- Since the SA node is on top of the right atrium, when the right atrium is stretched the SA node is stretched
- Stretching the SA Node causes the heart to beat faster

therefore, Increased Venous Return= Increased Heart Rate

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12
Q

Heart Rate has 2 Main Control Mechanisms, what is the second one?

A

2) Autonomic Nervous System
- The cardiac center in the medulla monitors the body
- Autonomic is divided into sympathetic (4 F’s) and Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest )

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13
Q

In healthy people at rest, the parasympathetic system is dominant, allowing what to happened?

A

Allowing the SA Node to establish the heart rate- Sinus Rhythm

SA node controlling= Sinus Rhythm

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14
Q

Positive Chronotropics
&
Negative Chronotropics

A

Increased heart rate
Decreased heart rate

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15
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Increased temp usually means increased heart rate

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16
Q

Carotid & Aorta Contain ?

A

Baroreceptors (pressure) -
Increased pressure usually means decreased heart rate

Chemoreceptors
- H+ (pH) - acidosis (too many H+) usually means increased heart rate
- Co2- increased Co2 usually means increased heart rate

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17
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle per minute

18
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

A

Autonomic Nerves
- Sympathetic- Go
- Parasympathetic- Rest & Digest

19
Q

In the Sympathetic what Nerve goes to the heart?

A

Cardiac Nerve , goes to the SA node “pacemaker”

20
Q

In the parasympathetic, what nerve goes to the heart?

A

Vagus Nerve, go to the SA Node

21
Q

What is the Neurotransmitter in Sympathetic?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

22
Q

What is the Neurotransmitter in Parasympathetic ?

A

Acetylcholine (ACH)

23
Q

What is the receptor in sympathetic?

A

Beta 2 (Ba)

24
Q

What is the receptor in parasympathetic?

A

Cholinergic

25
Q

What does stimulation of the cardiac nerve do?

A

Speed up the heart

26
Q

What would happen if you block beta receptor?

A

Slow heart rate

27
Q

Stroke Volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from a ventricular per contraction

What actually comes out.

28
Q

What determines the actual stroke volume coming out?

A

SV= EDV- ESV

Stroke Volume= End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

29
Q

End Diastolic Volume? (EDV)

A
  • The amount of blood that enters the ventricle before it starts to contact
  • Ventricles are relaxed

The related preload- the degree of stretching of ventricles during filling w/ blood

Increase EDV = Increase SV

30
Q

What is EDV (End Diastolic Volume affected by?

A

1) Filling time- HR approaching 300 b/m don’t give ventricles time to completely fill
2) Capacitance- the amount of blood in venous circulation
- Veins stretch, so when standing your capacitance is increased, and your EDV is decrease

3) Hormones that increase blood volume result in increased EDV

31
Q

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

The total amount of blood left in the ventricles after contraction
Increased ESV = Decreased SV

What is left after contraction

32
Q

What affects End Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

1) Contractility of ventricles (how hard they contact)
> Positive in tropes- increase the force of contraction ( these decrease ESV therefore increase SV)

> Negative in tropes- decrease the force of contraction ( these increase ESV therefore decrease SV)

2) After-load- the amount of force needed to push open semilunar valve & eject blood
( increased after load = increased ESV therefore decreased SV )

33
Q

After load

A

The amount of force needed to push open semilunar valve and eject blood, basically, what are things that make it harder on your heart to push blood out

Increase after load = increase ESV , therefore decrease SV

34
Q

What makes it harder for your heart to push blood out?

A

Turbulence- affected by plagues, increased turbulence = increased after load

Viscosity(thickness of blood) - Affected by H2O loss or increase RBC
Increase viscosity = increased after load

Blood vessel diameter-
Arteries surround by muscle
Contraction = increased after load

35
Q

does increasing Afterload increase or decrease Cardiac Output

A

Decrease Cardiac Output

36
Q

Arteries

A
  • Always Carrie’s blood AWAY from the heart
  • Blood Pressure highest
  • Surrounded by muscle and elastic fibers to absorb shock and smooth blood flow
37
Q

Capillaries

A
  • nutrient exchange
  • 3 Types
    1) Continuous: not “leaky” , located in skin, muscle, nervous

2) Fenestrated
- Allow fluid and small proteins ti pass
- found in kidney, small intestine

3) Sinusoidal
- allow cells to pass through
- found in liver, lymphoid organs, bone marrow, spleen

38
Q

Veins

A

Always carry blood towards the heart
- lower pressure- use muscle action to help move blood
- have valves that don’t close completely

39
Q

Is you have high amounts of H+ ions in your blood you have?

A

Low Ph

40
Q

What are the pores in capillaries called?

A

Fenestrate

41
Q

The hematocrit will increase if a patient is retaining water? T or F

A

False

A&P 2 (13 decks)

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