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Pathophysiology > Test 2 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 2 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

body fluid compartment

A

intracellular and extracellular

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2
Q

intracellular

A

2/3 of the body

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3
Q

extracellular

A

divided into 3 spaces: intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular

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4
Q

intravascular (1st extracellular space)

A

measurable, like blood

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5
Q

interstitial (2ns extracellular space)

A

non-measurable, like edema

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6
Q

transcellular (3rd interstitial space)

A

surrounded like cushions, uterus, heart, not good if there’s too much bc it could eventually lead to death

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7
Q

electrolytes

A

charged particles (ion) has an ELECTRICAL CHARGE when dissolved in H20

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8
Q

cations

A

positively charged (K+,Ca++,Mg++)

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9
Q

anions

A

negatively charged (HCO3-, SO42-)

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10
Q

non-electrolytes

A

uncharged particle in body fluid (glucose, urea and creatine and proteins)

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11
Q

functions of electrolytes (7-CASMASO)

A

Cofactors for enzymes, Action potentials in neuron and muscle cells, Secretion and action of hormones and
neurotransmitters, Muscle contraction, Acid/base balance, Secondary active transport, Osmosis

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12
Q

mechanisms controlling fluid and electrolyte movement

A

osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure, diffusion, selective, permeability, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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13
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water (where glucose goes water follows)
from area of low concentration of particles to area of high concentration

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14
Q

largest determinant of osmolality

A

sodium

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15
Q

normal ranges of sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L

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16
Q

normal ranges of calcium

A

8.5-10.5 mEq/L

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17
Q

normal ranges of potassium (K-KILLS)

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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18
Q

osmolality

A

numbers of particles in a solution

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19
Q

normal osmolality

A

isotonic, balance overall

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20
Q

low osmolality

A

hypotonic, less particles than normal (D5W)

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21
Q

high osmolality

A

hypertonic, more particles than normal (3% normal saline)

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22
Q

filtration

A

the movement of fluid out of the capillary

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23
Q

reabsorption

A

the movement of fluid back into the capillary

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24
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

water movement from area of high pressure to low
eg; movement of blood from arterial capillary bed to interstitial fluid

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25
Q

fluid balance occurs when

A

filtration= reabsorption + lymphatic flow

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26
Q

what keeps fluid in our blood vessels

A

albumin, and this is called colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure

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27
Q

particles move by process of

A

diffusion

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28
Q

oncotic pressure

A

the attraction of water to protein

29
Q

edema

A

excess fluid in the interstitial spaces and body cavities

30
Q

edema is caused by

A

increased fluid pressure, decreased capillary oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, obstruction to lymph flow

31
Q

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

A

gravitational forces, heart failure, kidney disease, Na (and H2O) retention pregnancy, heat stress, drug therapy

32
Q

Increased capillary permeability:

A

Caused by proinflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, bradykinin) or by damage to the structural integrity of capillaries so that they become more “leaky” (as occurs in tissue trauma, burns, and severe inflammation, allergic reactions)

33
Q

Decreased capillary oncotic pressure

A

Loss of plasma proteins, kidney disease, extensive burns, liver disease, starvation.

34
Q

Obstruction of lymph flow:

A

Malignancy with obstruction of lymphatic structures, surgical removal of lymph nodes.

35
Q

transudate

A

low protein content (under 3) any fluid (solvent and solute) that has passed through a presumably normal membrane, such as the capillary wall

36
Q

exudate

A

high protein content (over 3), a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.

37
Q

lymphedema

A

Protein rich fluid, Nonpitting edema

38
Q

localized edema types

A

venous, lymphedema, allergy flare, inflammation

39
Q

generalized edema types

A

cardiac, hepatic, renal, endocrine, anasarca

40
Q

anasarca

A

SEVERE generalized edema (all over body)
eg: loss of protein, liver disease, starvation

41
Q

cardiac edema

A

3rd space transcellular, heart’s right side has failed

42
Q

hepatic

A

inflammation of liver, #1 cause is alcoholism, hepatitis (big belly)

43
Q

hormones that help control fluid and electrolyte balance

A

Aldosterone, ADH, ANP

44
Q

aldosterone

A

Increases reabsorption of Na+ by distal tubule of kidney and excretion of K+ and therefore reabsorption of water H2O

45
Q

ADH

A

causes the kidneys to reabsorb H2O

46
Q

ANP

A

(peptides) are released from cardiac cells in atria of heart in response to atrial “stretch”

47
Q

water balance is regulated by

A

thirst, ADH

48
Q

sodium balance is regulated by

A

GFR, aldosterone, ANP

49
Q

GFR

A

how fast kidney glomerulus is able to filter fluid thru capillaries into tubule to become urine for excretion.
Determined by blood pressure.

50
Q

RAAS

A

Renin – Angiotensin - Aldosterone System.
triggered by drop in blood pressure, decreased blood flow to kidney

51
Q

Renin

A

enters the blood stream and
converts a blood plasma protein called
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

52
Q

high osmolarity causes

A

thirst, ADH release

53
Q

low osmolarity causes

A

no thirst, decreased ADH release`

54
Q

sodium balance regulates

A

regulates extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity

55
Q

Angiotensin

A

circulates to the lungs
where converting enzymes (ACE) split
the molecule and form angiotensin II

56
Q

Angiotensin II is a potent
vasoconstrictor

A

thereby increasing BP
and decreasing the GFR so that less
Na+ is filtered and more is absorbed

57
Q

organs of water loss

A

kidneys, lungs, skin, GI tract

58
Q

tonicity

A

number of particles

59
Q

isotonic

A

lose or gain h20 and sodium, hypovolemia, hypervolemia
loss of blood

60
Q

hyptonic

A

dilute ECF most
commonly caused by hyponatremia.
(Na < 135 Meq/L) and water excess or
decreased urine output.

61
Q

hypertonic

A

concentrated ECF or
hypernatremia (Na > 147 mEq/L) or
water loss. Caused by rapid infusion of
NaCl IV solutions, near drowning

62
Q

dehydration

A

extracellular water loss, sodium and water loss

63
Q

etiology of dehydration

A

increased renal clearance of free water as result of impaired tubular function or inability to concentrate urine

64
Q

hypodipsia

A

NOT thirsty

65
Q

isotonic fluid loss

A

loss of ECF water and electrolytes

66
Q

example of isotonic fluid loss

A

hemorrhage, wound drainage, GI losses

67
Q

isotonic fluid excess

A

gain of ECF water and electrolytes

68
Q

hypotonic fluid imbalances

A

causes movement of water from ECF into cells
less osmolality, too much water, not enough sodium
signs and symptoms: : Weakness, nausea, muscle twitching, H/A, wt. gain

69
Q

Hypertonic Fluid Imbalances

A

too much sodium and glucose, ECF above normal, more osmolality
signs and symptoms: S: thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, restlessness

Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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