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Micro w/ Favoreto > Test 2b > Flashcards

Test 2b Flashcards

1
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  1. Main Biological Features
    a. gram positive regular (stain uniformly + don’t assumer pleomorphic shape)
    b. Non spore forming Bacilli
    c. coccobacilli to long filaments
    d. lack capsules, 1-4 flagella
    e. resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH extremes, + bile
    d. avoids humoral immune system
    e. typically found singly or in short chains
    f. grows in refrigeration
  2. Clinical Manifestations
    Listeriosis- most cases associated with dairy products poultry and meat
    a. often mild or subclinical in normal adults
  3. mechanisms of disease
    a. ability to replicate in the cytoplasm of cells after inducing phagocytosis; avoids humeral immune system
  4. Transmission
    a. primary reservoir is soil and water; animal intestines
    b. can contaminate food and grow during refrigeration, does not change taste or smell
    c. amino compromised patients, Fetuses, Neonates; Affects brain and meninges-20% death rate
    d. replicates with in the cytoplasm of the host cell after inducing its own phagocytosis
  5. prevention
    a. pasteurization and cooking
  6. treatment
    a. Rapid diagnostic test using ELISA, immunofluorescence, and DNA Analysis
    b. antibiotics
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2
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A
  1. main biological features
    a. gram-positive rod widely distributed in animals and the environment
    b. primary Reservoir-tonsils of healthy pigs
    c. zoonotic pathogen
  2. transmission
    Enters through skin abrasion
  3. clinical manifestations
    -septicemia
    -endocarditis
    Multiplies to produce erysipeloid, dark red lesions
  4. prevention
    Vaccine for pigs
    Thorough cleaning of wounds
  5. treatment
    Antibiotics
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3
Q

Cornyebacterium diptheriae

A
  1. main biological features
    -gram-positive the regular bacilli
    -Gray biofilm
    -nonmotile, non capsulated: pleomorphic, stain unevenly
  2. clinical manifestations
    -Diphtheriae
    -toxemia
    -endocarditis
  3. Mechanisms of disease
    Two stages of disease:
    Local infection(primary infection)-upper respiratory tract inflammation
    -sore throat, nausea, vomiting, Swollen lymph nodes
    -pseudomembrane formation(Gray biofilm) can cause asphyxiation
    -cutaneous(secondary infection)
  4. mechanisms of disease
    -diptherotoxin production and toxemia
    –Target organs primarily partners
  5. transmission
    -reservoir of healthy carriers
    -children in crowded + unsanitary conditions
    -respiratory droplets from carriers or infected
  6. prevention
    Toxoid vaccine series and boosters
  7. treatment
    -antitoxin
    -antibiotic
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4
Q

Genus Propionibacterium

A
  1. man biological features
    - irregular: pleomorphic, stain unevenly
    - gram-positive, non-spore forming bacilli
    - Propionibacterium acnes most common
    - Graham positive rods
    - zero tolerance our anaerobic
    - non-toxigenic
    - come resident of pilosebaceous glands
  2. clinical manifestation
    - Acne
    - occasionally eye and artificial joint infections
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5
Q

Mycobacteria; acid-fast bacilli

A
  1. main biological features
    - not gram stain organisms
    - gram-positive irregular bacilli
    - strict aerobes
    - Produce catalase
    - possess mycolic acids and a unique type of peptidoglycan
    - no capsules, flagella, or spores
    - slow growth
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6
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  1. main biological features
    -tubercle bacillus
    -see mycobacteria; acid-fast bacilli
  2. clinical manifestations
    -tuberculosis
    –primary tuberculosis-beginning, exudative phase
    –secondary tuberculosis(reactivation/ reinfection) body encapsulates, can’t destroy, cells form physical barrier granuloma, creates latency(violent coughing, Bloody sputum)
    –disseminated (extrapulmonary) tuberculosis
    Damage to kidneys, Long bones, genital track, brain, and meninges, grave consequences
  3. mechanism of disease
    -no exotoxins or enzymes that contribute to infectiousness
    -complex waxes and cord factor that prevent destruction by lysosomes and macrophages
  4. transmission
    -Airborne respiratory droplets
    -disease of Poor cultures
    -weak immune system, Poor nutrition, lung damage, poor access to medical care, genetics
  5. prevention
    Vaccine
  6. treatment
    -6 to 24 months of at least two drugs from a list of 11
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7
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A
  1. main biological features
    - see mycobacteria; acid-fast bacilli
    - acid-fast rods
    - strict parasite, slowest growing of all species
  2. clinical manifestations
    - lepromatous leprosy, deep nodular infection, severe disfigurement
    - tuberculoid leprosy, shallow lesions, damaged nerves
  3. mechanism of disease
    - not highly virulent
    - can live and grow within macrophages
    - Schwann cells
    - wax like other mycobacterium for protection
  4. transmission
    - mechanical vectors, in contact with a leprotic
    - inhalation of droplet nuclei
  5. prevention
    - WHO trial vaccine
    - surveillance of high-risk populations
    - chemoprophylaxis of healthy persons in close contact
  6. Treatment
    - Long term combine therapy, five years or lifelong
    - increased and resistant strains
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8
Q

Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria
M. avium complex
M. marinum

A

M. avium complex
-third most common cause of death and AIDS patients
-soil bacteria through respiratory tract
-treatment requires two or more combined drugs, several months to years
M. marinum
- water and inhabitant; lesions developed after scraping on swimming pool concrete
-localized nodule, ulcerates, and drains
-can require long-term treatment, typically clears up spontaneously

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9
Q

Aerobic gram-negative non-enteric bacilli
Pseudomonas
Brucella
Bordetella

A
  • large diverse group of nonspore forming bacteria
  • wide range of habitats, large intestines(enteric), zoonotic, respiratory, soil, water
  • most not medically important; some are true pathogens, some are opportunist
  • all have outer membrane lipopolysaccharides of the cell wall, endotoxin
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10
Q

Pseudomonas-opportunistic pathogens

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  1. main biological features
    -small gram-negative rod with a single polar flagellum
    -produce oxidase and catalase
    -use aerobic respiration, Do not ferment carbohydrates
    -Many produce water soluble pigments
    -resistant to soaks, dies, Quaternary ammonia disinfectants, drugs, drying
    -protease, amylase, pectinase, Cellulase positive
    -grapelike odor, greenish blue pigment
    -can degrade natural substrates, like oil spill cleanup/ clearing pesticides
  2. clinical manifestations
    -infections in patients with severe burns, neoplastic disease, cystic fibrosis
    ,-leads to endocarditis, bronchopneumonia, or meningitis
    -healthy persons acquire skin rashes, UTIs, ear infections
  3. mechanism of disease
    -pili that aid in attachment of bacteria to host cells
    -phagocytosis resistant slime layer, contribute to biofilm formation
    -enzymes that degrade host issues
    -exotoxins the damage/destroy neutrophils and lymphocytes
    -the lipopolysaccharide layer of the outer membrane also causes endotoxic shock
  4. transmission
    -invasive medical procedures or weakened defenses
    -contaminate ventilators, mops, bathrooms
  5. Prevention
    -difficult because so resistant
  6. treatment
    -drug sensitivity testing a necessity
    -multidrug resistant
    -effective drugs cephalosporins, Third and fourth generation
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11
Q

Brucella and Brucellosis

A
  1. main biological features
    - Tiny gram-negative coccobacilli
    - two species:
    - -Brucella Abortus (cattle)
    - -Brucella suis (pigs)
  2. clinical manifestations
    - brucellosis, Multi fever, undulant fever, Bang disease(zoonosis- transmitted to humans from the infected animals)
  3. Mechanism of disease
    - ability to survive and grow inside of macrophages
    - Macrophages transport pathogen into the bloodstream
  4. Transmission
    - occurs through contact with blood, urine, placentas, and consumption of raw milk and cheese in animals
    - slaughter houses, Livestock handling, a veterinarian
  5. prevention
    - animal vaccine available
    - Testing and eliminating the infected animals
    - pasteurization of milk
    - potential for germ warfare
  6. Treatment
    - Antibiotics for six weeks
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12
Q

Bordetella pertussis

A
  1. main biological features
    - small, gram-negative coccobacillus
    - found singly or in pairs
    - Encapsulated and nonmotile
  2. clinical manifestations
    - whooping cough(two stages)
    - -catarrhal stage-you can still there in airways, coughing, sneezing
    - -paroxysmal stage-persistent coughing, followed by deep inhalations
    - bronchitis(acute respiratory syndrome)
  3. mechanism of disease
    - fimbraelike adhesion molecules, bind to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells
    - exotoxins destroy host cells after bacterium has bound
  4. transmission
    - Direct contact with inhale droplets or aerosols given off during coughing stage of infection
    - Half between birth and four years of age
  5. Prevention
    - Vaccination and booster (DTaP)
  6. treatment
    - One-week standard therapy of antibiotics
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13
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

Pertussis toxin

  1. G protein adds ribose
  2. ribose switches G protein to on position
  3. Adenylate and cyclase add enzyme
  4. cAMP= messenger in cell
  5. kinases go crazy
  6. ion channels
  7. ions and water (disturbs water transfer
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14
Q

Enterobacteriaceae Family(create sugar cravings)

A
  1. main biological features
    - small, Nonspore forming gram-negative rods
    - inhabit soil, Water, decaying matter,, and occupants large bowel of animals including humans
    - most frequent cause of diarrhea through enterotoxins
    - enterics, Account for almost 50% of nosocomial infections w/ Pseudomonas sp.
    - facultative anaerobes, Grow best in air
    - all fermented glucose, reduced nitrate to nitrite, Oxidase negative, And catalase positive
    - coliforms and non-coliform
    - coliforms the lactose fermenters(intestines primarily)
    - Non-coliforms non lactose fermenters
  2. clinical manifestations
    - gastroenteritis
    - Severe diarrhea
  3. mechanism of disease
    - resistant to drying, disinfectants, and drugs
    - most frequent cause of diarrhea through enterotoxins
    - H- flagellar Ag
    - K- capsule or fimbrae Ag
    - O- somatic or cell wall Ag- all have
    - endotoxins- LPS
  4. transmission
    - contaminated food or water
  5. prevention
    - donate contaminated food or water
  6. treatment
    - Replenish electrolytes and water loss
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15
Q

Eschericha coli

A
  1. main biological features
    -Small, motile, gram-negative rod’s
    -most common aerobic and non-fastidious bacterium in the gut
    Multiple pathogenic strains
    -Enterotoxigenic-causes severe diarrhea, Self resolving in two to four days, no blood, heat labile toxin, and heat-stable toxin, and fimbrae
    -enteroinvasive-inflammatory disease of the large intestine common crosses intestinal wall, Blood in stool
    -enteropathogenic-can cause ulcers, infantile diarrhea, crosses intestinal wall
    -enterohemmorhagic-0157:H7 strain, causes hemorrhaging and kidney damage, most dangerous, destroys walls of vascular system, crosses intestinal wall,(H.U.S., hemolytic uremic syndrome- anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells and acute kidney failure(uremia) caused by SHIGA toxin
    -plasmid transfer
  2. clinical manifestations
    -diarrhea
    -Infantile diarrhea
    -Travelers diarrhea
    -H.U.S.
    -50-80% of UTIs
  3. mechanisms of disease
    -Capsule
    -LPS endotoxin
    -individual strains possess heat labile and heat stable toxins and shiga toxin
  4. Transmission
    -consumption of spoiled food and water
    -sewage
    -Fecal matter
  5. prevention
    –Water treatment
    -Pasteurization
    -proper food preparation
  6. treatment
    -pepto-Bismol
    -Self-limiting
    -HUS use antibiotics not always effective though
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16
Q

Opportunistic coliforms(immunosuppressed)

A 
KLEBSIELLA PEUMONIAE
-with E. coli accounts for 80% of UTIs
-has large capsule cause of nosocomial pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound infections, uTIs
-can growing presence of antibiotics
ENTEROBACTER
-UTIs, surgical wounds
CITROBACTER
-Opportunistic UTIs and bacteremia
Serratia marcescens
-produces a red pigment, causing pneumonia, burn and wound infections, septicemia and meningitis
17
Q

Non-coliform lactose negative enterics

A

-Proteus, Morganella, Providencia, salmonella, and Shigella

18
Q

Opportunists: proteus and its relatives

A

-ordinarily harmless sparse soil, manure, sewage, polluted water, commensals of humans and animals
Proteus
-involved in UTI, wound infections, pneumonia, septicemia, and infant diarrhea
-swarm on surface of moist agar in a concentric pattern
Morganella morganii+ Providencia
-involved in similar infections

19
Q

S. enterica

  • some gastrointestinal involvement and diarrhea but often affect other systems
  • need 100,000 tog get
A

S. cholerae-suis
-zoonosis of swine
S. enteritidis
-1700 diff. serotypes

20
Q

Salmonella typhi, S. enterica

A
  1. main biological features
    -small motile, gram-negative rods
    -Flagellated, Survive outside the host
    -Resistant to chemicals, bile and dyes
  2. Clinical manifestations
    -typhoid fever, progresses from fever and diarrhea to septicemia + peritonitis
    -ulcers, pig rash on torso
    -S. enterica causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis
  3. Mechanisms of disease
    -LPS endotoxin, Capsule, antibiotic resistant
  4. Transmission
    -human to human, asymptomatic shed bacilli from
    gallbladder
    -Full virulence, easy transmission
  5. Prevention
    -sanitation, handwashing, fully cooked meat and eggs, washing fruits and vegetables
  6. Treatment
    Antibiotic
    -High mortality rate
    -Antibiotic resistant
    -two vaccines for temporary protection
21
Q

Gram negative

A

all have LPS, LPS release in intestine not bad, outside intestine is bad

22
Q

Animal salmonelloses

A
  • Birds, reptiles, mostly in intestines
  • Salmonelloses other than typhoid fever are called enteric fevers
  • food poisoning and gastroenteritis, Diarrhea, dysentery has blood in diarrhea
  • More prevalent
  • caused by one of many strains of Salmonella enteritis
  • all zoonotic in origin but humans can become carriers
  • 10% septicemic high mortality
  • 40% get ulcers on walls create dysentery require antibiotics
23
Q

Shigella and bacillary dysentery

S. dysenteriae-most common, S. sonnei, S. flexure, and S. body

A
  1. Main biological functions
    -small non-motile, gram-negative rod
  2. clinical manifestations
    shigellosis- incapacitating dysentery,(no lactose, short gram-, ferments glucose)
  3. mechanisms of disease
    -Heat labile SHIGA toxin
    -Endotoxins, enterotoxins-Peyer’s patches-produce ulcers
  4. Transmission
    -5fs, fingers, flies, fomites, feces, food
  5. prevention
    -handwashing, food preparation, adequate sanitation, meat and eggs cooked, pasteurization
  6. Treatment
    -oral antibiotics
    -resistant strains
    -Novak
24
Q

SHIGA toxin

A

binds to ribosomes to prevent protein synthesis

25
Q

Enteric Yersinia Pathogens

A

-gram-, LPS release possible
Yersinia entercolitica
- domestic and wild animals, fish, fruits, vegetables and water
-acute diarrhea, cold enhancement grows in refrigeration
-bacteria enter small intestine, survive in phagocytes in lymphatic, inflammation of Ilium
Y. pseudotuberculosis- similar infection more lymph node inflammation

26
Q

Yersinia Pestis (plague)

A
  1. main biological features
    - Small gram-negative encapsulated rods
    - Cells stain darker at ends because of phosphate reserves
  2. clinical manifestations
    - Plague
    - bubonic plague- necrosis swelling
    - Septicemia plague-intravascular coagulation, hemorrhage, purpura
    - pneumonic plague-infection in lungs highly contagious, high mortality
  3. Mechanisms of disease
    - capsule and envelope proteins
    - Coagulase
    - Endotoxin/exotoxins
    - Murine toxin- causes cell death
  4. Transmission
    - Inhaling droplets
    - Infected fleas
    - Handling infected animals, skins, meat
  5. Prevention
    - quarantine
  6. Treatment
    - high death rate w/o antibiotics
    - antibiotics
    - vaccine available

Micro w/ Favoreto (2 decks)

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